chapter 6 semantics

Question 1

Anti-Intersection Adjective

Answer 1

An adjective whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies.

Question 2

Non-intersection Adjective

Answer 2

An adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things.

Question 3

Subjective Adjectives

Answer 3

Adjectives whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to.

Question 4

Relative Intersection

Answer 4

Type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference. (See also subjective adjective and non-intersective adjective.)

Question 5

Interactive Adjective

Answer 5

An adjective whose reference is determined independently from the reference of the noun that it modifies.

Question 6

Pure intersection

Answer 6

The relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things, and the reference of the resulting phrase is all of the things that are in both the reference set of the adjective and the reference set of the noun.

Question 7

Compositional Meaning

Answer 7

The meaning of a phrasal expression that is predictable from the meanings of smaller expressions it contains and how they are syntactically combined. (See also the Principle of Compositionally and Idiom.)

Question 8

Incompatibility

Answer 8

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 9

Mutual Entailment

Answer 9

The relationship between two propositions where they entail one another.

Question 10

Entailment

Answer 10

A relationship between proposition where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition Q just in case if P is true, Q has to be sure as well.

Question 11

Truth Conditions

Answer 11

The set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true.

Question 12

Truth Value

Answer 12

Either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

Question 13

Proposition

Answer 13

The sense expressed by a sentence. Characteristically, propositions can be true or false, i.e. have truth values.

Question 14

Prototype

Answer 14

For any given set, a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set.

Question 15

Reference

Answer 15

A component of linguistic meaning that relates the sense of some expression to entities in the outside world. The collection of all the referents of an expression.

Question 16

Reverses

Answer 16

Antonyms in which one word in the pair suggests movement suggested by the other. (See also Complementary Antonyms, Gradable Antonyms, and Converses.)

Question 17

Semantics

Answer 17

The study of linguistic meaning. (See also Lexical Semantics and Compositional Semantics.)

Question 18

Sense

Answer 18

A mental representation of an expression’s meaning. (See also Reference.)

Question 19

Truth Value

Answer 19

Either true or false. The reference of a sentence.

Question 20

Antonymy or Antonym

Answer 20

A meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite. (See also Gradable Antonyms, Complementary Antonyms, Converses, and Reverses.)

Question 21

Complementary Antonyms

Answer 21

Pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, the second word, or neither; and such that saying of something that it is not a member of the set denoted by the first word implicates that it is in the set denoted by the second word. (See also Gradable Antonyms, Converses, and Reverses.)

Question 22

Compositional Semantics

Answer 22

A subfield of semantics that studies the meanings of Phrasal expressions, and how those meanings arise given the meanings of the lexical expressions they contain and how they are syntactically combined. (See also Principle of Compositionally.)

Question 23

Converses

Answer 23

Antonyms in which the first word of the pair suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word. (See also Complementary Antonyms, Gradable Antonyms, and Reverses.)

Question 24

Gradable Antonyms

Answer 24

Words that are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale. (Also known as gradable pairs and as scalar antonyms. See also Complementary Antonyms, Converses, and Reverses.)

Question 25

Hyponymy or Hyponym

Answer 25

A meaning relationship between words, where the reference of some word X is included in the reference of some other word Y. X is then said to be a hyponym of Y and conversely, Y is said to be a hypernym of X. ( See also Sister Terms.)

Question 26

Incompatibility

Answer 26

The relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously.

Question 27

Lexical Semantics

Answer 27

A subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions. (See also Compositional Semantics.)

Question 28

Lexicon

Answer 28

A mental repository of linguistic information about words and other lexical expressions, including their form, meaning, morphological, and syntactic properties. As a part of a descriptive, not mental, grammar, the lexicon is the representation of the mental lexicon, consisting of lexical entries that capture the relevant properties of lexical expressions (e.g. their form and syntactic category).

Question 29

Mental Grammar

Answer 29

The mental representation of grammar. The knowledge that a speaker has about the linguistic until and rules of his native language.

Question 30

Mental Image Definition

Answer 30

A conception of a word’s sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meaning.

Question 31

Usage Based Definition

Answer 31

A characterization of a word’s sense based on the way that the word is used by speakers of a language.