Chapter 6 Sections 1-3 Test Flashcards
What time period are we talking about overall?
1600-1830
What caused the scientific revolution?
Man’s curiosity
Because of the ____, people began to believe in the power of people to _____.
Renaissance; think things out for themselves
Scientists follow their curiosity to learn about God’s world and begin to _____.
Build upon the efforts of each other
What was the scientific revolution?
A new way of thinking about the natural world;
A drastic change in scientific methods and ways of thinking, people began to find things out using the scientific method and observation
The ideas of the scientific revolution cause the _____.
Enlightenment of Age of Reason
The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge and conduct
Philosophy
Geocentric theory
earth-centered view of the universe, idea of Aristotle of 4th century BC Greece (thought of as correct because of Christian teachings)
Ptolemy expanded what theory in 2nd century AD?
Aristotle’s geocentric theory
Which combination of discoveries led to the Sci. Rev.?
- Exploration: new truths to be found; to Africa, Asia, and Americas
- Printing press: helped spread old and new ideas among European thinkers
- Better geographical and mathematical instruments
- Made new Observations about world around them (did not match ancient beliefs)
The age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research, especially in _____ and _____.
Astronomy and mathematics
Field of astronomy was applied to scientific thinking when scholars began to question the _____. Why was this?
Geocentric theory, because it didn’t accurately explain the movements of sun, moon, and planets
Heliocentric theory
Sun-centered universe theory by Copernicus in the early 1500s after studying it for 25 years; inspired by an old Greek idea
Copernicus’ work:
- Heliocentric theory
- theory contradicted religious views
- wrote book “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies” but did not publish until later because of possible ridicule
Danish astronomer Brahe’s work:
- built off of Copernicus’ ideas
- recorded movement of planets for many years
- produced accurate data based on observations
_____ continued Brahe’s work. What did he find?
Kepler; planets move in elliptical orbits around sun,
math laws govern planetary motion, Copernicus’ ideas were true
Italian scientist Galileo’s work:
- builds telescope to study the heavens in 1609
- publishes his own book “Starry Messenger” about observations
- Jupiter has 4 moons
- earth’s moon: rough surface (shattered Aristotle’s theory)
- laws of motion
Catholic and Protestant leaders were afraid of Galileo’s findings not supporting the church because _____.
If this was proven wrong, people could question other church teachings
Galileo’s “Dialogue Concerning the 2 Chief World Systems” presented the ideas of which 2 theories? (1 was illegal)
- Copernicus
2. Ptolemy
Because of Galileo’s belief in the Copernican theory, he had to _____.
Stand trial and confessed that Copernican ideas were false (although eventually Catholics acknowledged Galileo was correct)
Scientific method
Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
- Problem/question
- Hypothesis
- Experiment
- Analyze data
Significance of English Francis Bacon (1600s)
- empiricism: (experimental method) urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions
- said not to rely heavily on ancient thinkers
Significance of French René Descartes (1600s)
- analytical geometry: linked algebra and geometry
- math-and-logic-based science
Isaac Newton
- laws of motion: all physical objects were effected equally by the same forces
- law of gravity: every object in the universe attracts every other object, attraction depends on mass and distance between objects
- universe: big clock with God as clockmaker
- published “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”
Who created the first microscope?
Janssen
Who used the microscope to see moving bacteria and red blood cells?
Leeuwenhoek
Who developed the first Mercury barometer?
Torricelli
Who made the first Mercury thermometer?
Fahrenheit
Who created another mercury thermometer scale which had 0° as its freezing point?
Celsius
Who dissected human corpses and published his observations?
Vesalius
Who created a smallpox vaccine using inoculations?
Jenner
Who pioneered use of the scientific method in chemistry and said that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that join together in different ways?
Boyle (Boyle’s law)
What is the intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems
Enlightenment / Age of Reason
The Enlightenment started from ideas of which 2 English political thinkers of the 1600s?
Hobbes and Locke
Why did Hobbes call his writing “Leviathan”?
The English Civil War convinced him that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked
What is Hobbes’s term of “social contract”?
agreement by which people created a government:
- people hand over their rights to a strong ruler (absolute monarch)
- people gain law and order
Why does Hobbes say that the ruler (abs. monarch) needs total power?
To keep citizens under control
John Locke’s 5 philosophies
- criticized absolute monarchy
- positive view of human nature (learn from experience and improve)
- all people are equal: 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property
- purpose of gov is to protect these 3 rights
- people can self govern and overthrow
What are philosophes?
Social critics of this period in France; French word for philosophers
5 core beliefs of philosophes:
- reason: truth discovered through reason/logical thinking
- nature: what is natural is good and reasonable
- happiness: urged people to seek well-being on earth
- progress: society and humankind can improve
- Liberty: liberties the English had won in e Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
Which philosophe used satire against opponents, targeting the clergy, aristocracy, and government?
Voltaire
Voltaire never stopped fighting for 4 things:
- Tolerance
- Reason
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of speech
Said “I don’t agree with a word you say but will defend to the death for you to say it.”
Which philosophe was devoted to the study of political liberty, believed that Britain was the best-governed and politically balanced country, wrote book “On the Spirit of Laws”, and proposed that separation of powers will keep a group/individual from having total government control?
Montesquieu
What is the division of power among different branches called?
Separation of powers
What idea states that power should be a check to power?
Checks and balances
Rousseau
- passionately committed to individual freedom
- disagreed with Enlightenment thinkers
- civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
- wrote book called “The Social Contract”
- only good government is one freely formed by the people
Hobbes’s view of social contract vs Rousseau’s view
Hobbes: agreement between a society and its government
Rousseau: agreement among individuals to create a society and a government
Which 2 philosophes agree that legitimate government came from the consent of the governed?
Locke and Rousseau
Who argued that all people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished; and through this system people gave up some of their freedom for the common good?
Rousseau
Which philosophe believed laws existed to preserve social order, a person of crime deserves a speedy trial, torture should never be used, degree of punishment should be based on the crime, and capital punishment should be abolished?
Beccaria
Which philosophe’s ideas influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America?
Beccaria
Mary Astell (1694)
- published “A Serious Proposal to the Ladies”
- addressed lack of opportunities for women
- “if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”
Mary Wollstonecraft (late 1700s)
- published essay “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
- disagreed with Rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men’s; women and men need equal education to be useful and virtuous
- urged women to enter male-dominant fields of medicine and politics
Wealthy women helped spread and discuss Enlightenment ideas through _____.
Social gatherings called salons
3 Enlightenment long-term effects:
- Belief in progress
- Secular (non religious) outlook
- Individualism: as people began to turn away from the church and royalty for guidance, they looked to themselves instead
In the 1700s, _____ was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe.
Paris
_____ created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays called “_____.”
Diderot, Encyclopedia
The French government censored the _____ expressed in Encyclopedia’s essays, but Diderot continued publishing it n
Enlightenment views
Enlightenment ideas were spread through which 3 ways?
Salons, Encyclopedia, newspapers
Extravagant, grand, ornate style of art that dominated Europe of the 1600s and early 1700s
Baroque
Under the Enlightenment, art styles began to change; becoming simple and elegant inspired by Greece and Rome. What is this style called?
Neoclassical (new classical)
During the Enlightenment, an elegantly lighter style of music emerges called _____.
Classical
During the Enlightenment, European authors began writing _____.
Novels
First true English novel written by Samuel Richardson about a servant girl:
“Pamela”
English story “_____” tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.
Tom Jones
How does neoclassicism reflect the ideas of order and reason?
Simple structures with limited decoration suggest order and reason
Why did novels become popular in the 18th century?
The middle class had more leisure time; more people knew how to read; they wanted entertainment
Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit; supported philosophes’ ideas but had no intention of giving up any power
Enlightened despots
What 2 motives did enlightened despots have for making changes?
- To make their countries stronger
2. Make their own rule more effective
Frederick the Great (Prussia)
- granted many religious freedoms
- reduced censorship
- improved education
- reformed justice system
- abolished use of torture
Joseph II (Austria)
- introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press
- supported freedom of worship for all religions
- abolished serfdom
- ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash
- *after he died, many of Joseph II’s principles were ended**
Catherine the Great (Russia)
- formed a commission to review Russia’s laws and reform them in ways of allowing religious tolerance and abolishing torture and capital punishment
- gave nobles absolute power over the serfs
- won control of the Black Sea’s northern shore after 2 wars with Ottoman Turks
- expanded the empire into Poland
Did Catherine the Great positively or negatively effect her people?
Negatively, she did not follow through with many things
Did Catherine the Great end serfdom?
No
Who had her husband killed by her boyfriend and his brother?
Catherine the Great
Who executed thousands of peasants after a 2 year uprising from 1773-1775?
Catherine the Great
Who had the leader Yemelian Pugachev hanged and chopped up?
Catherine the Great
Why must all rulers balance their philosophical goals with practical concerns about support?
Without support, they cannot stay in power or make any changes
Why were most of the reforms applied to middle and upper classes? How did rulers view the peasants?
Reformers came from the middle classes. Peasants had little power and were viewed as unimportant.
