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H World Studies > Chapter 6 Sections 1-3 Test > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Sections 1-3 Test Flashcards

1
Q

What time period are we talking about overall?

A

1600-1830

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2
Q

What caused the scientific revolution?

A

Man’s curiosity

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3
Q

Because of the ____, people began to believe in the power of people to _____.

A

Renaissance; think things out for themselves

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4
Q

Scientists follow their curiosity to learn about God’s world and begin to _____.

A

Build upon the efforts of each other

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5
Q

What was the scientific revolution?

A

A new way of thinking about the natural world;
A drastic change in scientific methods and ways of thinking, people began to find things out using the scientific method and observation

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6
Q

The ideas of the scientific revolution cause the _____.

A

Enlightenment of Age of Reason

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7
Q

The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge and conduct

A

Philosophy

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8
Q

Geocentric theory

A

earth-centered view of the universe, idea of Aristotle of 4th century BC Greece (thought of as correct because of Christian teachings)

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9
Q

Ptolemy expanded what theory in 2nd century AD?

A

Aristotle’s geocentric theory

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10
Q

Which combination of discoveries led to the Sci. Rev.?

A
  1. Exploration: new truths to be found; to Africa, Asia, and Americas
  2. Printing press: helped spread old and new ideas among European thinkers
  3. Better geographical and mathematical instruments
  4. Made new Observations about world around them (did not match ancient beliefs)
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11
Q

The age of Exploration fueled a great deal of scientific research, especially in _____ and _____.

A

Astronomy and mathematics

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12
Q

Field of astronomy was applied to scientific thinking when scholars began to question the _____. Why was this?

A

Geocentric theory, because it didn’t accurately explain the movements of sun, moon, and planets

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13
Q

Heliocentric theory

A

Sun-centered universe theory by Copernicus in the early 1500s after studying it for 25 years; inspired by an old Greek idea

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14
Q

Copernicus’ work:

A
  • Heliocentric theory
  • theory contradicted religious views
  • wrote book “On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies” but did not publish until later because of possible ridicule
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15
Q

Danish astronomer Brahe’s work:

A
  • built off of Copernicus’ ideas
  • recorded movement of planets for many years
  • produced accurate data based on observations
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16
Q

_____ continued Brahe’s work. What did he find?

A

Kepler; planets move in elliptical orbits around sun,

math laws govern planetary motion, Copernicus’ ideas were true

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17
Q

Italian scientist Galileo’s work:

A
  • builds telescope to study the heavens in 1609
  • publishes his own book “Starry Messenger” about observations
  • Jupiter has 4 moons
  • earth’s moon: rough surface (shattered Aristotle’s theory)
  • laws of motion
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18
Q

Catholic and Protestant leaders were afraid of Galileo’s findings not supporting the church because _____.

A

If this was proven wrong, people could question other church teachings

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19
Q

Galileo’s “Dialogue Concerning the 2 Chief World Systems” presented the ideas of which 2 theories? (1 was illegal)

A
  1. Copernicus

2. Ptolemy

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20
Q

Because of Galileo’s belief in the Copernican theory, he had to _____.

A

Stand trial and confessed that Copernican ideas were false (although eventually Catholics acknowledged Galileo was correct)

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21
Q

Scientific method

A

Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

  1. Problem/question
  2. Hypothesis
  3. Experiment
  4. Analyze data
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22
Q

Significance of English Francis Bacon (1600s)

A
  • empiricism: (experimental method) urged scientists to experiment and draw conclusions
  • said not to rely heavily on ancient thinkers
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23
Q

Significance of French René Descartes (1600s)

A
  • analytical geometry: linked algebra and geometry

- math-and-logic-based science

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24
Q

Isaac Newton

A
  • laws of motion: all physical objects were effected equally by the same forces
  • law of gravity: every object in the universe attracts every other object, attraction depends on mass and distance between objects
  • universe: big clock with God as clockmaker
  • published “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy”
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25
Q

Who created the first microscope?

A

Janssen

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26
Q

Who used the microscope to see moving bacteria and red blood cells?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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27
Q

Who developed the first Mercury barometer?

A

Torricelli

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28
Q

Who made the first Mercury thermometer?

A

Fahrenheit

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29
Q

Who created another mercury thermometer scale which had 0° as its freezing point?

A

Celsius

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30
Q

Who dissected human corpses and published his observations?

A

Vesalius

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31
Q

Who created a smallpox vaccine using inoculations?

A

Jenner

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32
Q

Who pioneered use of the scientific method in chemistry and said that matter was made up of smaller primary particles that join together in different ways?

A

Boyle (Boyle’s law)

33
Q

What is the intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems

A

Enlightenment / Age of Reason

34
Q

The Enlightenment started from ideas of which 2 English political thinkers of the 1600s?

A

Hobbes and Locke

35
Q

Why did Hobbes call his writing “Leviathan”?

A

The English Civil War convinced him that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked

36
Q

What is Hobbes’s term of “social contract”?

A

agreement by which people created a government:

  • people hand over their rights to a strong ruler (absolute monarch)
  • people gain law and order
37
Q

Why does Hobbes say that the ruler (abs. monarch) needs total power?

A

To keep citizens under control

38
Q

John Locke’s 5 philosophies

A
  • criticized absolute monarchy
  • positive view of human nature (learn from experience and improve)
  • all people are equal: 1. Life 2. Liberty 3. Property
  • purpose of gov is to protect these 3 rights
  • people can self govern and overthrow
39
Q

What are philosophes?

A

Social critics of this period in France; French word for philosophers

40
Q

5 core beliefs of philosophes:

A
  • reason: truth discovered through reason/logical thinking
  • nature: what is natural is good and reasonable
  • happiness: urged people to seek well-being on earth
  • progress: society and humankind can improve
  • Liberty: liberties the English had won in e Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
41
Q

Which philosophe used satire against opponents, targeting the clergy, aristocracy, and government?

A

Voltaire

42
Q

Voltaire never stopped fighting for 4 things:

A
  1. Tolerance
  2. Reason
  3. Freedom of religion
  4. Freedom of speech
    Said “I don’t agree with a word you say but will defend to the death for you to say it.”
43
Q

Which philosophe was devoted to the study of political liberty, believed that Britain was the best-governed and politically balanced country, wrote book “On the Spirit of Laws”, and proposed that separation of powers will keep a group/individual from having total government control?

A

Montesquieu

44
Q

What is the division of power among different branches called?

A

Separation of powers

45
Q

What idea states that power should be a check to power?

A

Checks and balances

46
Q

Rousseau

A
  • passionately committed to individual freedom
  • disagreed with Enlightenment thinkers
  • civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness
  • wrote book called “The Social Contract”
  • only good government is one freely formed by the people
47
Q

Hobbes’s view of social contract vs Rousseau’s view

A

Hobbes: agreement between a society and its government

Rousseau: agreement among individuals to create a society and a government

48
Q

Which 2 philosophes agree that legitimate government came from the consent of the governed?

A

Locke and Rousseau

49
Q

Who argued that all people are equal and titles of nobility should be abolished; and through this system people gave up some of their freedom for the common good?

A

Rousseau

50
Q

Which philosophe believed laws existed to preserve social order, a person of crime deserves a speedy trial, torture should never be used, degree of punishment should be based on the crime, and capital punishment should be abolished?

A

Beccaria

51
Q

Which philosophe’s ideas influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America?

A

Beccaria

52
Q

Mary Astell (1694)

A
  • published “A Serious Proposal to the Ladies”
  • addressed lack of opportunities for women
  • “if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”
53
Q

Mary Wollstonecraft (late 1700s)

A
  • published essay “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
  • disagreed with Rousseau that women’s education should be secondary to men’s; women and men need equal education to be useful and virtuous
  • urged women to enter male-dominant fields of medicine and politics
54
Q

Wealthy women helped spread and discuss Enlightenment ideas through _____.

A

Social gatherings called salons

55
Q

3 Enlightenment long-term effects:

A
  1. Belief in progress
  2. Secular (non religious) outlook
  3. Individualism: as people began to turn away from the church and royalty for guidance, they looked to themselves instead
56
Q

In the 1700s, _____ was the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe.

A

Paris

57
Q

_____ created a large set of books to which many leading scholars of Europe contributed articles and essays called “_____.”

A

Diderot, Encyclopedia

58
Q

The French government censored the _____ expressed in Encyclopedia’s essays, but Diderot continued publishing it n

A

Enlightenment views

59
Q

Enlightenment ideas were spread through which 3 ways?

A

Salons, Encyclopedia, newspapers

60
Q

Extravagant, grand, ornate style of art that dominated Europe of the 1600s and early 1700s

A

Baroque

61
Q

Under the Enlightenment, art styles began to change; becoming simple and elegant inspired by Greece and Rome. What is this style called?

A

Neoclassical (new classical)

62
Q

During the Enlightenment, an elegantly lighter style of music emerges called _____.

A

Classical

63
Q

During the Enlightenment, European authors began writing _____.

A

Novels

64
Q

First true English novel written by Samuel Richardson about a servant girl:

A

“Pamela”

65
Q

English story “_____” tells the story of an orphan who travels all over England to win the hand of his lady.

A

Tom Jones

66
Q

How does neoclassicism reflect the ideas of order and reason?

A

Simple structures with limited decoration suggest order and reason

67
Q

Why did novels become popular in the 18th century?

A

The middle class had more leisure time; more people knew how to read; they wanted entertainment

68
Q

Monarchs that embraced new ideas and made reforms that reflected the Enlightenment spirit; supported philosophes’ ideas but had no intention of giving up any power

A

Enlightened despots

69
Q

What 2 motives did enlightened despots have for making changes?

A
  1. To make their countries stronger

2. Make their own rule more effective

70
Q

Frederick the Great (Prussia)

A
  • granted many religious freedoms
  • reduced censorship
  • improved education
  • reformed justice system
  • abolished use of torture
71
Q

Joseph II (Austria)

A
  • introduced legal reforms and freedom of the press
  • supported freedom of worship for all religions
  • abolished serfdom
  • ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash
  • *after he died, many of Joseph II’s principles were ended**
72
Q

Catherine the Great (Russia)

A
  • formed a commission to review Russia’s laws and reform them in ways of allowing religious tolerance and abolishing torture and capital punishment
  • gave nobles absolute power over the serfs
  • won control of the Black Sea’s northern shore after 2 wars with Ottoman Turks
  • expanded the empire into Poland
73
Q

Did Catherine the Great positively or negatively effect her people?

A

Negatively, she did not follow through with many things

74
Q

Did Catherine the Great end serfdom?

A

No

75
Q

Who had her husband killed by her boyfriend and his brother?

A

Catherine the Great

76
Q

Who executed thousands of peasants after a 2 year uprising from 1773-1775?

A

Catherine the Great

77
Q

Who had the leader Yemelian Pugachev hanged and chopped up?

A

Catherine the Great

78
Q

Why must all rulers balance their philosophical goals with practical concerns about support?

A

Without support, they cannot stay in power or make any changes

79
Q

Why were most of the reforms applied to middle and upper classes? How did rulers view the peasants?

A

Reformers came from the middle classes. Peasants had little power and were viewed as unimportant.

H World Studies (5 decks)

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