Chapter 6 - Results Section

Question 1

What does the research findings consist of?

Answer 1

All the data..

• Collected
• Organized
• Analyzed

Question 2

What should we avoid including in the results section?

Answer 2

subjective bias/interpretation

… (AKA Investigator influence)

Question 3

What does numerical measures describe?

Answer 3

observations objectively and analyzed statistically

Question 4

What must the organization of data include?

Answer 4

• Must process raw data.
• Need to be organized for interpretation AND provide “coherent picture” of results to readers
• Analysis techniques – statistical tools
• Techniques used for either experimental or descriptive data

Question 5

What is distribution?

Answer 5

The frequency count of attributes or objects that fall into different categories.

Question 6

What is Nominal Data?

Answer 6

• A set of data is said to be nominal if the values/observations belonging to it can be assigned a code in the form of a number where the numbers are simply labels.
• You can count (but not order or measure!) nominal data.
• For example, in a data set males could be coded as 0, females as 1; marital status of an individual could be coded as Y if married, N if single.

Question 7

What is Ordinal Data?

Answer 7

• A set of data is said to be ordinal if the values/observations belonging to it can be ranked (put in order) or have a rating scale attached.
• You can count and order, but not measure, ordinal data.
• Must have a natural categorical order

Question 8

What is Interval Data?

Answer 8

• An interval scale is a scale of measurement where the distance between any two adjacent units of measurement (or ‘intervals’) is the same but the zero point is arbitrary.
• Scores on an interval scale can be added and subtracted but can not be meaningfully multiplied or divided.

Question 9

What is Ratio Data?

Answer 9

• interval data with a natural zero point.

Examples of ratio level data include distance and area (e.g., acreage)

• A weight of 4 grams is twice a weight of 2 grams, because weight is a ratio variable. A temperature of 100 degrees C is not twice as hot as 50 degrees C, because temperature C is not a ratio variable. A pH of 3 is not twice as acidic as a pH of 6, because pH is not a ratio variable.
• Physical measures will represent ratio data (for example, height and weight). If one is measuring the length of a piece of wood in centimeters, there is quantity, equal units, and that measure cannot go below zero centimeters.

Question 10

What is Descriptive Statistics ?

Answer 10

– summary statistics

Question 11

What do we do within the Descriptive Statistics section?

Answer 11

Describe characteristics of the data

Question 12

What are questions to ask during the Descriptive Statistics section?

Answer 12

• “what is the average or typical value in the distribution?”
• “how much variety or dispersion is there in the values represented
  by the distribution?”

Question 13

RE: Descriptive Statistics, In many articles why are different conditions or groups of subjects are compared?

Answer 13

so that statistics are used to describe central tendency

and variability of the data for each condition or group.

Question 14

What are the measures of central tendency?

Answer 14

Mean

Median

Mode

Question 15

What are the measures of variability?

Answer 15

Range

Variance

Standard Deviation (SD)

Question 16

What are the measures of skewness?

Answer 16

lack of symmetry

Question 17

What are the measures of kurtosis?

Answer 17

form of concentration of scores around the central distribution

Question 18

What is the Mean?

**ON EXAM

Answer 18

The averageof the numbers.

It is easy to calculate:add upall the numbers, thendivide by how manynumbers there are.

Question 19

What is the Mode?

**ON EXAM

Answer 19

The mode is simply the number which appearsmost often.

Question 20

What is the Median

**ON EXAM

Answer 20

The Middle number.

Place the numbers invalue orderand find themiddle number.

Question 21

What is the mean of 6, 11, 7?

Answer 21

8

Question 22

What is the median of 12, 3, &5?

Answer 22

5

Question 23

What is the median 3, 13, 7, 5, 21, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29?

Answer 23

23

Question 24

What is the mode of 3, 13, 7, 5, 21, 23, 39, 23, 40, 23, 14, 12, 56, 23, 29?

Answer 24

23

Question 25

What is the mode of 19, 8, 29, 35, 19, 28, 15?

Answer 25

19

Question 26

What is the definition of range?

Answer 26

The range is simply the highest score minus the lowest score.

Question 27

What is the definition of variance?

Answer 27

How close the scores in the distribution are to the middle of the distribution.

Question 28

What is the standard deviation (SD)?

Answer 28

is simply the square root of the variance

Question 29

What is measures of skewness?

Answer 29

Refers to the lack of symmetry of the distribution

Symmetrical distribution looks the same on right and left

Question 30

What is parametric statistics?

Answer 30

Population parameter is normally distributed.

Interval or ratio level of measurement.

Question 31

T/F: When two or more distributions of data are to be analyzed, the variances of the data in the two different distributions should be about the same?

Answer 31

True

Question 32

What is nonparametric statistics?

Answer 32

Assumptions about the populations cannot be met (not normally distributed)

Distribution free.

Nominal or ordinal data.