Chapter 6 - Reproductive System Concerns Flashcards

1
Q

Normal Menstrual Patterns

A

Menses every 28 days
Range from 26-34 days
When menses first starts takes15 months for first 10 cycles then 20 cycles to become regular

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2
Q

Amenorrhea

A

Absence of menstrual flow
By age 14 years if no secondary sexual characteristics should be evaluated
By age 16 years no menses even with secondary characteristics
(most girls have had injury to open hymen, if not then have to go to surgery)

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3
Q

Exercise associated amenorrhea-

A

low body weight/fat greatest risk-low bone density

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4
Q

Hypogonadotropic amenorrhea

A
Problem in central hypothalamic-pituitary axis
Results from hypothalamic suppression
Assessment
Counseling and education
Stress can affect
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5
Q

Dysmenorrhea

A

Pain during or shortly before menstruation

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6
Q

Primary dysmenorrhea

A

Abnormally increased uterine activity
Physiologic alteration
Alleviating discomfort
(too much bleeding)

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7
Q

Secondary dysmenorrhea

A

Acquired menstrual pain
Diagnosis and treatment
(bad cramps)

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8
Q

Dysmenorrhea Tx

A
NSAID start 2-3 days before
BCP
Heat
Exercise
Decreased salt and refined sugar intake
Increased water
Decrease red meat
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9
Q

Meds for Dysmenorrhea

A

BCP prevent ovulation

Decrease amount of mentrual flow

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10
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Cyclic symptoms occurring in luteal phase of menstrual cycle

PMS: cluster of physical, psychologic, and behavioral symptoms-30-80% of women experience

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11
Q

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PDD)

A

Severe variant of PMS
Feel overwhelmed
(affects daily life)

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12
Q

PMS

A
Fluid retention
Behavior or emotional changes
Irritability
Panic attacks
Impaired ability to concentrate
Cravings: sweets, salt, increased appetitie, binges
Headaches, fatigue,backache
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13
Q

Endometriosis def

A

Presence and growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
6-10% of women

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14
Q

Endometriosis Major Symptoms

A

Dysmenorrhea

Deep pelvic dyspareunia (painful intercourse)

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15
Q

Endometriosis Management

A

Drug therapy

Surgical intervention

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16
Q

Endometriosis

A
Impaired fertility due to adhesions
Treatment: No pain and don’t want to become pregnant do not require tx
NSAID
BCP
Surgery
17
Q

Alterations in cyclic bleeding

A
Oligomenorrhea-40-45 day cycles
Hypomenorrhea-scanty bleeding
Metrorrhagia-intermittent bleeding
Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)-excessive bleeding
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
18
Q

Oligomenorrhea-

A

40-45 day cycles

19
Q

Hypomenorrhea-

A

scanty bleeding

20
Q

Metrorrhagia-

A

intermittent bleeding

21
Q

Menorrhagia (hypermenorrhea)-

A

excessive bleeding

22
Q

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB)

A

Excessive uterine bleeding, no identified cause

Can have decreased H and H

23
Q

Menopause

A

Late 40’s
Median age US 51-52
Perimenopause-tranisiton from normal cycle
Complete cessation of menses
Physiologic characteristics - Anovulation occurs more frequently, Menstrual cycles increase in length, Ovulation occurs with less frequency

24
Q

Physical changes during the perimenopausal period

A
Bleeding
Genital changes
Vasomotor instability-75% of women
Hot flush-look red
Hot flash-feel hot
Night sweats
25
Q

Mood and behavioral responses of Menopause-

A

persons perception of menopause

26
Q

Health risks of perimenopausal women

A

(increase)
Osteoporosis
Coronary heart disease

27
Q

Menopausal hormonal therapy

A

Decision to use hormone therapy
Side effects
Treatment guidelines
Alternative therapies

28
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Decreased bone density
Estrogen stimulates osteoblast (help form bone)
Estrogen needed to convert Vit D into calcitonin which is needed to absorb calcium form the gut
50% of US women have some form of osteoporosis
(risk factors: caucasian, obese, certain meds)
(tell young girls to drink milk)

29
Q

Coronary Heart Disease

A

Risk of developing or dying from heart disease after menopause is increased
Obesity, smoking, increased cholesterol, BP, diabetes, alcohol abuse

30
Q

Hormone Replacement Therapy HRT

A

Until 2002 HRT was widely used
**Study called the Women’s Health Initiative from the National Institutes of Health showed increased clots, heart attack, stroke, breast cancer
Take lowest possible dose for shortest period of time

31
Q

Key Points

A

Menstrual disorders diminish quality of life for affected women and their families

32
Q

Key Points

A

PMS is a disorder that begins in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and ends with the onset of menses
Not a purely psychologic problem

33
Q

Key Points

A

Endometriosis is characterized by secondary amenorrhea, dyspareunia, abnormal uterine bleeding, and infertility

34
Q

Key Points

A

The perimenopause is a normal developmental phase progressing from the reproductive to the nonreproductive stage

35
Q

Key Points

A

During perimenopause, women seek care for bleeding irregularities, vasomotor instability, fatigue, genital changes, and changes related to sexuality

36
Q

Key Points

A

Alternative therapies are beneficial in relieving discomforts associated with menstrual disorders and menopause

37
Q

Key Points

A

Osteoporosis: progressive loss of bone mass from decreasing levels of estrogen after menopause
Can be prevented or minimized with lifestyle changes and medication

38
Q

Key Points

A

Estrogen increases calcitonin levels to prevent bone resorption and maintain bone density

39
Q

Key Points

A

Postmenopausal women at increased risk for coronary artery disease because of changes in lipid metabolism
Sexuality continues after menopause