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Sarah - Equine > Chapter 6 - Parasitic > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Parasitic Flashcards

1
Q

Which receptor does Fiprionil antagonise?

A

GABA

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2
Q

Pyrethrins are rapidly inactivated by what?

A

Moisture
Air
Light

New pyrethroids, e.g. permethrin, are more stable in UV light

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3
Q

The efficacy of 0.06-0.4% pyrethrin is improved when used with which other agent?

A

0.1-2% piperonyl butoxide

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4
Q 
What is the plasma resident time of ivermectin/moxidectin in horses?
1-2 days
5-7 days
12-14 days
18-20 days
A

18-20 days

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5
Q

How long is the life cycle of Psoroptes mites?

A

~10 days

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6
Q

With psoroptic mange in horses, which body sites does dermatitis tend to be focused around?

A

Ears (P. cuniculi)
Mane
Tail
(Can present as mane and tail seborrhea)

Body mange (P. equi)

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7
Q

Where does pruritus typically start with sarcoptic mange in horses?

A

Head, ears and neck then spreads caudally

Can occur on the distal limbs if acquired from a fox during a hunt

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8
Q

Chorioptes mites can survive off host for how long?

A

Up to 70 days

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of demodicosis in horses?

A

Asymptomatic hypotrichosis, alopecia, scaling, and occasionally crusting over the face, neck, shoulders and forelimbs.

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10
Q

Is Werneckiella equi a biting or sucking louse?

A

Biting/chewing

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11
Q

Aedes, Anopheles and Culex are which type of fly?

A

Mosquitoes

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12
Q

Which mosquitoes require the presence of water for their eggs to hatch?

A

Aedes

They all lay their eggs in water/moist vegetable material but only Aedes require water for hatching

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13
Q

What are the two most common distributions on the horse for Culicoides bites?

A

Topline and tail

Ventrum

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14
Q

Which biting fly needs cow manure for eggs to develop?

A

Horn fly (Haematobia spp.)

Need proximity to cattle!

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15
Q

Which fly can carry Habromema eggs or larvae?

A

Musca domestica

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16
Q

Which biting fly tends to cluster in the perineal and inguinal regions?

A 
Louse flies (keds) 
Hippobosca spp.
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17
Q

Which flies are associated with ventral midline dermatitis?

A

Culicoides spp.

Haematobia spp.

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18
Q

With warbles, at which body site do nodules form in horses?

A

Withers

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19
Q

Small, 1mm, yellowish tissue granules can be seen with which parasitic disease?

A

Habronemiasis

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20
Q

What is a characteristic histopathological feature of cutaneous habronemiasis?

A

Multifocal areas of discrete coagulation necrosis which consume all cutaneous structures in the area.

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21
Q

Which test can you use to diagnose habronemiasis if larvea are not visible on histopathology?

A

PCR

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22
Q

Which treatment can rapidly resolve habronemiasis lesions?

A

Steroids (systemic or intralesional); suggests a hypersensitivity?

Treatment also includes systemic ivermectin and surgical debulking

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23
Q

Match the Onchocerca spp. with their intermediate hosts and body sites:
O. gutturosa
O. reticulata
O. cervicalis

  1. Funicular portion of the ligamentum nuchae (neck) - Culicoides spp. and mosquitoes
  2. Lamellar part of the ligamentum nuchae (neck) - Simulium spp.
  3. Connective tissue of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock - Culicoides spp.
A

O. gutturosa - Lamellar part of the ligamentum nuchae - Simulium spp.

O reticulata - Connective tissue of the flexor tendons and suspensory ligament of the fetlock - Culicoides spp.

O. cervicalis - Funicular portion of the ligamentum nuchae - Culicoides spp. and mosquitoes

24
Q

What treatments can be used for sarcoptic mange in horses?

A

2% lime sulfur

Ivermectin or moxidectin (multiple treatments at 12-14 day intervals)

25
Q

Which ectoparasticide should NEVER be given to horses?

A

Amitraz

Can cause somnolence, depression, ataxia and colonic impaction

26
Q

Which Chorioptic mite affects horses?

A

Chorioptes bovis

27
Q

Which body sites are typically affected by:
Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi
Haematopinus asini

A

Werneckiella (Damalinia) equi - head, mane, tail base

Haematopinus asini - head, neck, back, inner thigh, fetlock (areas with short hair coat)

28
Q

Name an effective topical antiparasitic agent to treat lice

A 
Deltamethrin (pour-on)
Cypermethrin
Imidacloprid
Diflubenzuron (IGR) + 5% permethrin
Triflumuron (IGR)
Fipronil?
29
Q

Which pathogens can be spread by Culicoides?

A

Onchocerca
Bluetongue virus
African horse sickness virus

30
Q

Other than Culicoides and Haematobia, which other flies can cause ventral midline dermatitis?

A
  • Black flies (Simulium spp.)
  • Horse flies (tabanids such as Tabanus and Haematopota spp.)
  • Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans)
31
Q

Which biting fly lays their eggs in running water?

A

Black flies (Simulium spp.)

32
Q

What are the lesions seen with black fly bites?

A

Hives and haemorrhagic lesions (painful bites)

33
Q

Which flies match each environment and preferential site for feeding?

34
Q

Other than the fetlock and pastern, where can Chorioptes mites cause clinical signs?

A

Perineum, back of the udder and rear legs

35
Q

Which treatments are reportedly effective at treating Chorioptes in horses?

A
  1. Lime sulfur 5% solution four times at 1-week intervals
  2. Fipronil spray (not licensed)
  3. Selenium disulfide 2% shampoo
  4. High doses of ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg) weekly
    Clip feathers!
36
Q

How long can Psoroptes mite survive off host?

A

Up to 14 days - can get indirect transmission

37
Q

Which treatments are reportedly effective for Psoroptic mange in horses?

A
  1. Systemic ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg PO, q2 weeks x 3) is very effective.
  2. Topical eprinomectin pour-on solution (0.5 mg/kg q1 week x 4)
  3. Lime sulfur dip/spray

Treat the environment!

38
Q

Which treatments are reportedly effective for Psoroptic mange in horses?

A
  1. Systemic ivermectin (0.3 mg/kg PO, q2 weeks x 3) is very effective.
  2. Topical eprinomectin pour-on solution (0.5 mg/kg q1 week x 4)
39
Q

Which species of Demodex are found in horses?

A

Demodex caballi - affects the eyelids and the muzzle,

Demodex equi - manifests as folliculitis on the body

40
Q

Forage mites such as Pediculoides ventricosus, Pyemotes tritici and Acarus farinae can cause what signs in horses?

A

A pruritic papular dermatitis and, in sensitized individuals, urticarial reactions. The affected areas are those in direct contact with the mites, such as the face or lower legs.

41
Q

Dermanyssus gallinae are easily killed by what type of treatment?

A

Fly sprays

42
Q

Why do you need to treat again after 14 days for lice infestations?

A

Most insecticides are not ovicidal

43
Q

O. cervicalis microfilariae are known to cause alopecia, scaling and pruritus with a distribution that overlaps that of ______________ (e.g. withers, face and neck, ventral midline)

A

Culicoides hypersensitivity

Pruritus is variable with O. cervicalis cf CH

44
Q

This lesion is pathgnomonic for which disease?

A

Onchocerciasis

45
Q

How do you diagnose onchocerciasis?

A
  1. Live microfilariae can be seen when a small piece of skin is minced with a razor blade, placed on a glass slide, covered with a few drops of physiological saline solution and allowed to incubate at room temperature for 5–10 min.
  2. Histopathology.
  3. Response to ivermectin treatment (takes 2-3 weeks)
46
Q

Which species of nematode cause habronemiasis?

A

Habronema muscae
Habronema majus
Draschia megastoma

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of habronemiasis?

A
  • Areas of granulation tissue containing small, gritty, yellow nodules.
  • Donkeys and mules develop very large lesions
  • Medial canthus of the eye, the male genitalia, especially the urethral process, the lower extremities (wounds) and around the muzzle
  • Hypersensitivity reaction!!
48
Q

What is the seasonality of habronemiasis?

A

The disease is seasonal, first appearing in the spring, and most cases spontaneously clear in the winter months

49
Q

What are the differentials for habronemiasis?

A
  1. Exuberant granulation tissue (proud flesh)
  2. Fibroblastic sarcoid
  3. Squamous cell carcinoma
  4. Pythiosis
  5. Zygomycosis
50
Q

Habrenomiasis larvae; which inflammatory cells predominate?

A

Eosinophils

51
Q

Feed-through additives (e.g. diflubenzuron and cyromazine [IGR]) are only effective in fly species that breed where?

A

In horse manure

52
Q

Name important tick-borne diseases in horses

A

Tick paralysis
Lyme disease (borelliosis)
Equine granulocytic anaplasmosis
Equine piroplasmosis

53
Q

Name antiparasitic agents used against ticks in the horse

A
  1. Pyrethrins
  2. Synthetic pyrethroids (permethrin, cypermethrin, resmethrin)
  3. Coumaphos
  4. Fipronil (effective, off-label use)
  5. Pheromone (combined with cyperemethrin controls D. nitens in the ears for 10 days
54
Q

How do Gasterophilus spp. affect horses?

A
  1. Lay eggs on hair (usually distal limb or face)
  2. Eggs hatch, often associated with grooming behaviour, and migrate to the mouth
  3. Larvae develop in the mouth, tongue, gums and pharynx of the host
  4. L2 then attaches to the base of the tongue and slowly migrates to the stomach.
  5. L3 mature in the stomach where they remain until the following summer
  6. L3 are passed in faeces and mature to flies in the soil
55
Q

What are these? From distal leg of a horse

A

Gasterophilus eggs

56
Q

Urticaria on the head, abdomen and groin associated with pruritus has been reported in a puppy with which endoparasite?

57
Q

Which isoxazoline has been shown to be effective at treating tick infestations in horses?

A

Fluralaner 25 mg/kg for up to 90 days

Sarah - Equine (13 decks)

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