Chapter 6: OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards
name for the basic unit of all matter – essential for life.
CELL
The human body contains TRILLIONS of cells, and it is an ongoing process of _________ __________ and converting it to _______ ________ _________ such as growth, repair, regulate, and react.
obtaining energy
support vital functions
3 aspects of cell chemical composition:
PROTOPLASM
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
the chemical building material for all living things.
PROTOPLASM
protoplasm is responsible for
- eliminating waste
-bringing in food
-dissolving/ suspending compounds
4 primary components of protoplasm
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
Organic compounds
- CONTAIN CARBON
and make life possible
Organic compounds include : (4)
- proteins
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- nucleic acids
proteins make up _____ % of cell content and are the _______ ________ of the cell.
15%
building blocks
the organic compound responsible for growth, construction, and repair.
protein
_______ __________ determine the function of each protein molecule. There are over 500 different types, but the human body only uses 22.
AMINO ACIDS
4 different types of proteins
- structural and enzymatic proteins
- repair enzymes
- hormones
- antibodies
structural proteins are found in _______ and provide shape and form and are a source of heat and energy.
muscle
enzymatic proteins function as an organic ___________. They determine the speed of the reaction in the _______ & and the speed of the activity within the ______.
catalyst
body
cell
repair enzymes are produced in ___________.
Their job is :
ribosomes
Help the cell recover from damage and allow the cell to function as normal.
- @ diagnostic and therapeutic levels
Hormones regulate body functions such as _______ and _________.
Secreted from _________ glands and carried by the ____________ to influence other parts of the body.
growth and development
endocrine
bloodstream
Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called ____________.
They chemically attack ______ _______ or _______.
lymphocytes
foreign invaders
antigens
- make up 1% of cell content.
- include starches and various sugars
-range from simple to complex - provide SHORT TERM energy
- main source of energy for the cell
- most abundant in liver and muscle tissue
- AKA “saccharides”
CARBOHYDRATES
- fats that do not dissolve in water
- make up 2% of cell content
-reservoirs for LONG TERM storage of energy - made up of glycerin and 3 other molecules
LIPIDS
- 2 types of this organic compound are DNA and RNA
-1% of cell content - very large and complex macromolecules
- the smaller molecules/ building blocks of this organic compound are called nucleotides
NUCLEIC ACIDS
- carries genetic information
- has a double helix configuration that is twisted
- MASTER CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
- contains all the information the cells need to function
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- DNA-
-performs many biologic function
-single strand chain of cells
-type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA in nucleus -> ribosomes in the cytoplasm
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA
nitrogenous organic bases in DNA (4)
ADENINE - THYMINE
GUANINE - CYTOSINE
mRNA
MESSANGER RNA
- directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids
(takes info from DNA in nucleus -> into cytoplasm and then directs the process of making proteins from amino acids)
tRNA
TRANSFER RNA
(from cell nucleus -> ribosomes)
is coded for a particular amino acid
- 22 different amino acids in humans
rRNA
RIBOSOMAL RNA
- to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
- tiny rods-shaped bodies
-only visible during cell division - somatic cells have 46 (or 23 pairs)
-mature germ cells have 23
chromosomes
every chromosome is divided into HUNDREDS of segments called ________.
genes
- the working subunits of DNA
-basic units of heredity
-controls cytoplasmic activity, growth and development of cell, and transmitting of hereditary information
GENES
(office space within DNA)
the total amount of genetic material (DNA) within the chromosomes of a human being is called
THE HUMAN GENOME
-mapping or deciphering all 46 chromosomes-
(blueprint for each person’s body)
significance of genome mapping, or identifying the genes in the genome is ….
researchers can find genes suspected of causing inherited diseases and help healthcare professionals diagnose diseases
compounds that DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON!
IONORGANIC COMPOUNDS
most important inorganic compounds
WATER
MINERAL SALTS (electrolytes)
-comprises 80-85% of body weight
–withing the cell
medium for chemical reactions
acts as a solvent
– outside of cell
functions as a transport vehicle
maintains body temperature 98.6
lubricates digestive system and joints
WATER
- predominantly sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
- keep the correct proportions of water in the cell
- vital for proper cell performance, creation of energy, conduction of nerve impulses
MINERAL SALTS
(electrolytes)
control of intercellular and extracellular fluid
water (a solvent) will move across cell surfaces / membranes into areas with HIGH concentrations of ions (high solute regions)
– maintaining homeostasis–
OSMOSIS
4 main components of cell structure
- cell membrane
- cytoplasm
- cytoplasmic organelles
- nucleus
frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell
- controls passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell by osmosis (passive transport) or actvive transport
CELL MEMBRANE
protoplasm outside of the nucleus
(mostly water w organic and inorganic compounds)
CYTOPLASM
The cytoplasm contains miniature cellular components that enable the cell to function in a highly organized manner. These small organs of the cell are collectively referred to as _________ ___________.
CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
6 forms of cytoplasmic organelles:
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI APPARATUS
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
CENTROSOMES
” the highway of the cell”
network of tubules and vesicles that enable the cell to communicate and transfer food.
- 2 types granular and agranular
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER)
actively manufactures proteins for export
AKA “Rough ER”
granular
found in cells that synthesize proteins for their own use.
- no ribosomes
AKA “SMOOTH ER”
AGRANULAR
transport system of cell “hauls freight within and out of the cell”
- concentrates, packages, and transports through the cell membrane to exit cell and enter bloodstream to get to where the are required
GOLGI APPARATUS
oval shaper power houses of the cell
produce energy (ATP) for cell function
MITOCHONDRIA
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
prime energy creating molecule in the cell
“garbage disposal of the cell”
“poison pills” “suicide bags”
small pea like sacs for digestion
LYSOSOMES
Spherical organelles attached to ER
- function is to assemble amino acids into proteins
“protein factories”
RIBOSOMES
located in the center of the cell near the nucleus
- contain centrioles which plat a part in spindle formation for cell division
CENTROSOMES
“brain of the cell”
-separated from the other parts of the cell by a double walled membrane (nuclear envelope)
-contains DNA and fluid (neoplasm, proteins, and RNA)
- Contains nucleolus (RNA copy center)
NUCLEUS
2 types of cell division
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
for reproduction of somatic cells
- all cells of the body EXCEPT GERM CELLS
5 phases
-G1
-S
-G2
-MITOSIS phase (has 4 phases)
MITOSIS CELL DIVISION
INTERPHASE INCLUDES
G1, S, G2
G1 is the phase for :
pre-DNA synthesis
minutes to hours
S phase is the phase for
(synthesis phase)
DNA copied and divides into chromatids
** most radioresistant phase
15 hours long
G2 is the phase for
post DNA synthesis phase
1-5 hours
manufacture proteins and RNA needed to divide
M phase
MITOSIS PHASE
** most radiosensitive phase
-cell division taking place
-4 phases within this phase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
prophase
1st phase of cell division
-nuclear membrane disappears
-centrioles migrate to opposite poles
metaphase
miotic spindle fibers form between centrioles
anaphase
centromeres carrying chromatids migrate to opposite sides of cell
telophase
chromatids become chromosomes
nuclear membrane reappears
2 daughter cells appear -each have 46 chromosomes
cell division for germ/ reproductive cells
** reduced the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
MEIOSIS
meiosis is similar to mitosis, except …
no DNA replication occurs in telophase
daughter cell (zygote) is reduced to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
(to end up w 1 egg or 1 sperm w 23 chromosomes )
2 separate eggs
fertilized by
2 separate sperm
fraternal twins
fertilized egg divides into 2 identical cells
- identical genetic information
identical twins
