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Radiology Imaging III > Chapter 6: OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY > Flashcards

Chapter 6: OVERVIEW OF CELL BIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

name for the basic unit of all matter – essential for life.

A

CELL

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2
Q

The human body contains TRILLIONS of cells, and it is an ongoing process of _________ __________ and converting it to _______ ________ _________ such as growth, repair, regulate, and react.

A

obtaining energy

support vital functions

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3
Q

3 aspects of cell chemical composition:

A

PROTOPLASM
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

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4
Q

the chemical building material for all living things.

A

PROTOPLASM

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5
Q

protoplasm is responsible for

A
  • eliminating waste
    -bringing in food
    -dissolving/ suspending compounds
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6
Q

4 primary components of protoplasm

A

carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen

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7
Q

Organic compounds

A
  • CONTAIN CARBON
    and make life possible
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8
Q

Organic compounds include : (4)

A
  1. proteins
  2. carbohydrates
  3. lipids
  4. nucleic acids
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9
Q

proteins make up _____ % of cell content and are the _______ ________ of the cell.

A

15%
building blocks

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10
Q

the organic compound responsible for growth, construction, and repair.

A

protein

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11
Q

_______ __________ determine the function of each protein molecule. There are over 500 different types, but the human body only uses 22.

A

AMINO ACIDS

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12
Q

4 different types of proteins

A
  1. structural and enzymatic proteins
  2. repair enzymes
  3. hormones
  4. antibodies
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13
Q

structural proteins are found in _______ and provide shape and form and are a source of heat and energy.

A

muscle

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14
Q

enzymatic proteins function as an organic ___________. They determine the speed of the reaction in the _______ & and the speed of the activity within the ______.

A

catalyst
body
cell

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15
Q

repair enzymes are produced in ___________.
Their job is :

A

ribosomes

Help the cell recover from damage and allow the cell to function as normal.

  • @ diagnostic and therapeutic levels
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16
Q

Hormones regulate body functions such as _______ and _________.

Secreted from _________ glands and carried by the ____________ to influence other parts of the body.

A

growth and development

endocrine
bloodstream

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17
Q

Antibodies are protein molecules created by specialized cells in the bone marrow called ____________.
They chemically attack ______ _______ or _______.

A

lymphocytes
foreign invaders
antigens

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18
Q
  • make up 1% of cell content.
  • include starches and various sugars
    -range from simple to complex
  • provide SHORT TERM energy
  • main source of energy for the cell
  • most abundant in liver and muscle tissue
  • AKA “saccharides”
A

CARBOHYDRATES

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19
Q
  • fats that do not dissolve in water
  • make up 2% of cell content
    -reservoirs for LONG TERM storage of energy
  • made up of glycerin and 3 other molecules
A

LIPIDS

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20
Q
  • 2 types of this organic compound are DNA and RNA
    -1% of cell content
  • very large and complex macromolecules
  • the smaller molecules/ building blocks of this organic compound are called nucleotides
A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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21
Q
  • carries genetic information
  • has a double helix configuration that is twisted
  • MASTER CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE
  • contains all the information the cells need to function
A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
- DNA-

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22
Q

-performs many biologic function
-single strand chain of cells
-type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA in nucleus -> ribosomes in the cytoplasm

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID
RNA

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23
Q

nitrogenous organic bases in DNA (4)

A

ADENINE - THYMINE
GUANINE - CYTOSINE

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24
Q

mRNA

A

MESSANGER RNA
- directs the process of making proteins out of amino acids

(takes info from DNA in nucleus -> into cytoplasm and then directs the process of making proteins from amino acids)

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25
Q

tRNA

A

TRANSFER RNA
(from cell nucleus -> ribosomes)
is coded for a particular amino acid
- 22 different amino acids in humans

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26
Q

rRNA

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA
- to assist in the linking of mRNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

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27
Q
  • tiny rods-shaped bodies
    -only visible during cell division
  • somatic cells have 46 (or 23 pairs)
    -mature germ cells have 23
A

chromosomes

28
Q

every chromosome is divided into HUNDREDS of segments called ________.

A

genes

29
Q
  • the working subunits of DNA
    -basic units of heredity
    -controls cytoplasmic activity, growth and development of cell, and transmitting of hereditary information
A

GENES
(office space within DNA)

30
Q

the total amount of genetic material (DNA) within the chromosomes of a human being is called

A

THE HUMAN GENOME

-mapping or deciphering all 46 chromosomes-
(blueprint for each person’s body)

31
Q

significance of genome mapping, or identifying the genes in the genome is ….

A

researchers can find genes suspected of causing inherited diseases and help healthcare professionals diagnose diseases

32
Q

compounds that DO NOT CONTAIN CARBON!

A

IONORGANIC COMPOUNDS

33
Q

most important inorganic compounds

A

WATER
MINERAL SALTS (electrolytes)

34
Q

-comprises 80-85% of body weight
–withing the cell
medium for chemical reactions
acts as a solvent
– outside of cell
functions as a transport vehicle
maintains body temperature 98.6
lubricates digestive system and joints

A

WATER

35
Q
  • predominantly sodium (Na) and potassium (K)
  • keep the correct proportions of water in the cell
  • vital for proper cell performance, creation of energy, conduction of nerve impulses
A

MINERAL SALTS
(electrolytes)

36
Q

control of intercellular and extracellular fluid

water (a solvent) will move across cell surfaces / membranes into areas with HIGH concentrations of ions (high solute regions)
– maintaining homeostasis–

A

OSMOSIS

37
Q

4 main components of cell structure

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. cytoplasmic organelles
  4. nucleus
38
Q

frail, semipermeable, flexible structure encasing and surrounding the human cell
- controls passage of water and other materials into and out of the cell by osmosis (passive transport) or actvive transport

A

CELL MEMBRANE

39
Q

protoplasm outside of the nucleus
(mostly water w organic and inorganic compounds)

A

CYTOPLASM

40
Q

The cytoplasm contains miniature cellular components that enable the cell to function in a highly organized manner. These small organs of the cell are collectively referred to as _________ ___________.

A

CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES

41
Q

6 forms of cytoplasmic organelles:

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
GOLGI APPARATUS
MITOCHONDRIA
LYSOSOMES
RIBOSOMES
CENTROSOMES

42
Q

” the highway of the cell”
network of tubules and vesicles that enable the cell to communicate and transfer food.
- 2 types granular and agranular

A

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
(ER)

43
Q

actively manufactures proteins for export

AKA “Rough ER”

A

granular

44
Q

found in cells that synthesize proteins for their own use.
- no ribosomes
AKA “SMOOTH ER”

A

AGRANULAR

45
Q

transport system of cell “hauls freight within and out of the cell”
- concentrates, packages, and transports through the cell membrane to exit cell and enter bloodstream to get to where the are required

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

46
Q

oval shaper power houses of the cell
produce energy (ATP) for cell function

A

MITOCHONDRIA

47
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphosphate
prime energy creating molecule in the cell

48
Q

“garbage disposal of the cell”
“poison pills” “suicide bags”
small pea like sacs for digestion

A

LYSOSOMES

49
Q

Spherical organelles attached to ER
- function is to assemble amino acids into proteins
“protein factories”

A

RIBOSOMES

50
Q

located in the center of the cell near the nucleus
- contain centrioles which plat a part in spindle formation for cell division

A

CENTROSOMES

51
Q

“brain of the cell”
-separated from the other parts of the cell by a double walled membrane (nuclear envelope)
-contains DNA and fluid (neoplasm, proteins, and RNA)
- Contains nucleolus (RNA copy center)

A

NUCLEUS

52
Q

2 types of cell division

A

MITOSIS
MEIOSIS

53
Q

for reproduction of somatic cells
- all cells of the body EXCEPT GERM CELLS
5 phases
-G1
-S
-G2
-MITOSIS phase (has 4 phases)

A

MITOSIS CELL DIVISION

54
Q

INTERPHASE INCLUDES

A

G1, S, G2

55
Q

G1 is the phase for :

A

pre-DNA synthesis
minutes to hours

56
Q

S phase is the phase for

A

(synthesis phase)
DNA copied and divides into chromatids
** most radioresistant phase
15 hours long

57
Q

G2 is the phase for

A

post DNA synthesis phase
1-5 hours
manufacture proteins and RNA needed to divide

58
Q

M phase

A

MITOSIS PHASE
** most radiosensitive phase
-cell division taking place
-4 phases within this phase
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

59
Q

prophase

A

1st phase of cell division
-nuclear membrane disappears
-centrioles migrate to opposite poles

60
Q

metaphase

A

miotic spindle fibers form between centrioles

61
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres carrying chromatids migrate to opposite sides of cell

62
Q

telophase

A

chromatids become chromosomes
nuclear membrane reappears
2 daughter cells appear -each have 46 chromosomes

63
Q

cell division for germ/ reproductive cells
** reduced the number of chromosomes in each daughter cell to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell

A

MEIOSIS

64
Q

meiosis is similar to mitosis, except …

A

no DNA replication occurs in telophase
daughter cell (zygote) is reduced to half the number of chromosomes in the parent cell
(to end up w 1 egg or 1 sperm w 23 chromosomes )

65
Q

2 separate eggs
fertilized by
2 separate sperm

A

fraternal twins

66
Q

fertilized egg divides into 2 identical cells
- identical genetic information

A

identical twins

Radiology Imaging III (12 decks)

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