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Radiology Imaging III > Chapter 10 - DOSE LIMITS FOR EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION > Flashcards

Chapter 10 - DOSE LIMITS FOR EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION Flashcards

1
Q

Who set the rules and regulations for dose limiting?

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

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2
Q

____ risk associated with exposure to ionizing radiation is the basis for effective dose limiting system

A

Cancer

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3
Q

What are the organizations that make recommendations or evaluate relationships to dose and biologic effect and formulates risks?

A

ICRP, NCRP, UNSCEAR, NAS/NRC-BEIR

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4
Q

What is the ICRP?

A

occupational and public dose limits since 1928

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5
Q

What is the NCRP?

A

sets goals for Radiation Protection

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6
Q

What is the UNSCEAR?

A

United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, evaluates human and environmental exposure to radiation from many sources

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7
Q

What is the NAS/NRC-BEIR?

A

studies on early radiation workers, atomic bomb victims of Hiroshima/Nagasaki, evacuees from the Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster, review studies of biologic effects of ionizing radiation and risk assessment

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8
Q

What are the US Regulatory Agencies that enforce standards?

A

NRC, EPA, FDA, OSHA

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9
Q

What is the NRC?

A

Nuclear Regulatory Commission - production of radioactive substances, in agreement states the NRC assumes responsibility of entering radiation protection regulations through health departments, in non-agreement states both the state and NRC enforce regulations

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10
Q

What is the EPA?

A

environment protection agency, protecting health of humans and safeguarding the environment (radon)

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11
Q

What is the FDA?

A

US food and drug administration, regulate design and manufacturing of electronic products like x-ray equipment

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12
Q

What is OSHA?

A

Occupational safety and health administration, monitoring agency for employment, enforces employee “right to know”

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Radiation Safety Program?

A

delegating operational funds in the budget, overseeing the development of policies and procedures, provide the equipment needed for starting and continuing the program

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Radiation Safety Committee?

A

provide guidance for the program, facilitates ongoing operation of the program, selects a qualified person to serve as a radiation safety officer

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15
Q

What are the duties of the Radiation Safety Officer?

A

oversee daily operations of radiation safety program, ensures facility’s radiation practices are adequate, implement and enforce policies of the program, they are to develop the program, protect workers from unnecessary exposure, review and maintain radiation monitoring records, provide counseling for individuals receiving doses in excess of allowable limits

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16
Q

What is the Radiation control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

A

protect the public from the hazards of unnecessary radiation exposure resulting from electronic products and diagnostic x-ray equipment, act caused CDRH (Center for Devices and Radiologic Health) to be established under the FDA

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17
Q

When did the NCRP establish ALARA?

A

1954

18
Q

ALARA is also known as

A

ORP Optimization of radiation protection

19
Q

What are the two investigation levels and when are they started?

A

Level 1 - 10% of maximum
Level 2 - 30% of maximum

20
Q

What type of relationship does ionizing radiation have with the potential risk?

A

linear non threshold

21
Q

What is the FDA White Paper enforcement?

A

initiative to reduce unnecessary radiation exposure from medical imaging, each patient should get the right imaging examination at the right time with the right radiation dose

22
Q

What act required that only trained technologists perform diagnostic imaging procedures?

A

Patient Radiation Health and Safety Act of 1981

23
Q

What are other terms for tissue reactions?

A

non-stochastic or deterministic

24
Q

What are tissue reactions?

A

biologic somatic changes directly related to dose received

25
Q

_____ reactions happen with hours or days after high levels of radiation, some examples are erythema, decreased WBC count, epilation, and acute radiation syndromes

A

early

26
Q

______ reactions happen within months or years after high levels of radiation and are considered somatic effects, examples are cataracts, fibrosis, organ atrophy, loss of parenchymal cells, reduced fertility, and sterility

A

late

27
Q

The shape on a diagram of a non linear threshold dose response is

A

sigmoidal

28
Q

Stochastic effects are

A

cancer or genetic changes, can randomly occur, severity is not dose dependent, can be linear, non-threshold and linear or quadratic, causes damage to reproductive cells

29
Q

How do you calculate cumulative effective dose?

A

age in years x mSv

30
Q

When is an embryo/fetus at greatest risk of radiation exposure

A

8-15 weeks

31
Q

What are the most critical organs?

A

gonads, blood-forming organs, red bone marrow, lung tissue

32
Q

______ ______ ______ accounts for radio sensitivity differences in risk from one tissue to another

A

tissue weighting factor

33
Q

What is the annual occupational effectiveness dose limit

A

50 mSv

34
Q

______ ______ _____ is the average effective dose of an individual belonging to the exposed population

A

collective effective dose

35
Q

What are the limits for non occupationally exposed invidviduals

A

Frequent - 1 mSv annually
Infrequent - 5 mSv annually

36
Q

_____ is the amount of radiation per month that a pregnant radiation worker is allotted and ______ for the entire gestational period

A

.5 mSv
5 mSv

37
Q

Excessive dose during pregnancy can cause

A

small head size and intellectual disability

38
Q

_____ is the amount of radiation allowed during education and training

A

1 mSv

39
Q

_____ is the amount of exposure allowed for the lense of the eye and _____ is allowed for the skin hands and feet both for occupation

A

150 mSv
500 mSv

40
Q

Radiation ______ is a concept that there exists a beneficial aspect or result to groups of individuals from continuing exposure to small amounts of radiation

A

hormesis

41
Q

How many states have a background radiation levels higher than other states by 1 mSv allowing 15% less cancer deaths per 1,000 individuals than the US average

A

7 states

Radiology Imaging III (12 decks)

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