Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level Chemistry > Chapter 6 --organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Chapter 6 --organic Chemistry Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Chemistry flashcards Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

Functional group

A

In a molecule is an atom or group of atoms that gives the compound some distinctive and predictable properties

Eg. COOH - gives molecules a sour acidic taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Homologous series

A

Set of compounds with the same functional group, similar chemical properties and physical properties - show graduation / gradual change from one to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Alcohols

A

-OH

ol ending for hydroxyl group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chain isomerism

A

Structural isomerism

Same molecular formular but different structure eg

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

CH3-CH-CH3
|
CH3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Position isomerism

A

Molecules with same functional group but attached in different positions on the same carbon chain

Eg. propan-1-ol , propan-2-ol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stereoisomerism

A

Have same molecular formular

Same structural formular

Different arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fractional distillation

A

Converts crude oil into a small number of fractions

Done in a distillation Column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cracking

A

Demand for shorter chained hydrocarbons is higher.

Passing hydrocarbons in heavier fractions through a heated catalyst (zeolite usually — which is aluminium,silicon, oxygen)
One large molecule —> at least two smaller molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Reforming

A

Straight chained allanes burn less efficiently than branches chained /rings (cyclic compounds)

Converts straight chained alkanes into branched/cyclic hydrocarbons by heating them with a catalyst (platinum)
Helps them burn more smoothly in the engine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Inside catalytic converters

A

2CO + O2 —> 2CO2

2NO + 2CO —> N2+2CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Biodiesel

A

Vegetable oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bioethanol

A

Bacteria made rather than enzymes —- eg corn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Comparing fuels 4

A

Land use
Yield / speed
Manufacture n transport
Carbon neutrality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Radical

A

Species with an unpaired electron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism

A

Sequence of two or more steps (with each, an equation) that shows how a reaction takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Test for Alkene

A

Decolourises bromine water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hydration catalyst

A

Phosphoric Acod

H3PO4

18
Q

Diol

A

Compound containing two -OH groups

19
Q

Oxidation to diols

A

Oxidising agent - potassium manganate(VII)

Acidic conditions (usually dilute sulfúrico acid)

Potassium manganate(VII) provides oxygen atom and water in solution provides another and 2* Hydrogen atoms

KManganate from purple to colourless (can be used like bromine water to test for alkene)

20
Q

Ketone

A

When a secondary alcohol is oxidised - homologous series

21
Q

Ketone formula

A

RCOR

22
Q

Aldehyde

A

When a primary alcohol is oxidised

23
Q

Aldehyde formula

A

RCHO

24
Q

Aldehyde oxidised further

A

Gain of oxygen atom not loss of hydrogen

Carboxylic acid

25
Q

Carboxylic acid formula

A

RCOOH

26
Q

Usual reagent for oxidation reactions primary and secondary alcohols

A

Mixture of potassium dichromate(VI) and dilute sulfúric acid

27
Q

Ketone ending

A

-one

28
Q

Aldehyde ending

A

-al

29
Q

Heating under reflux

A

When oxidation intended to be complete

Products stay in reaction ( boil off but condense in vertical condenser n return to heating flask)

30
Q

Distillation with addition

A

When oxidation intended to be incomplete

  • to obtain an aldehyde-

Only oxidising agent heated and alcohol slowly added to oxidising agent

Aldehyde distils off immediately when formed as has much lower boiling point than alcohol used to make it - aldehyde collected in reciever

31
Q

Why thermometer in distillation

A

If temp remains steady then indicates one compound is distilling over

If temp rises after a while , indicates a diff compound is distilling over

32
Q

Pros of simple distillation over fractional

A

Easier to set up and quicker

33
Q

Cons of simple distillation over fractional

A

Doesn’t separate liquids as well

Should only be used if boiling temp of liquid being purified is very diff from other liquids in mixture (more than 25^C)

34
Q

Immiscible

A

Doesn’t mix

35
Q

Testing for purity

A

Measure boiling temp of liquid

Error may be thermometer
Diff organic compounds have same boiling temp

36
Q

Homolytic fission

A

Breaking of a covalent bond where each of the bonding electrons leaves with one species forming a radical

37
Q

Hydration

A

Adding H and OH to C=C

Usually heat Allene with steam and pass mixture over catalyst of phosphoric acid.

38
Q

Oxidation to diols

A

Oxidising agent = potassium manganite (VII)

Acid conditions - dilute sulfuric acid

Use [O] as oxidising agent

39
Q

Heterolytic fission

A

Formation on ions as a result

Both electrons go to one atom eg. In H-Br when bond breaks , electrons to bromine as it is more electronegative than H

40
Q

Electrophilic addition

A

Electrophilic - species accepts a pair of electrons from another species and forms a covalent bond

Addition - two molecules react to form a single molecule

41
Q

Nucleophile

A

Species with a lone pair of electrons

Forms a covalent bond with a + charges atom

A Level Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions