Chapter 6 - Nutrition, Feeding, & Digestion Flashcards
Why do adults need to eat repeatedly throughout their lives?
- Dynamic State of Body Constituents
- Molecules & cells become damaged and need to
be replaced accordingly
- Molecules & cells become damaged and need to
- Chemical-Bond Energy Used in Metabolism Cannot
be Reused
-new chemical bond energy must be acquired by
food digestion
The study of chemical compounds that compose the bodies of animals and how animals are able to synthesize the chemical components of their bodies from the chemical materials they collect in their environment.
Nutrition.
What is the body composed of?
Proteins, Lipids, Minerals, Nucleic Acids, & Carbs
What is missing in the body that is necessary for survival?
Water.
What are proteins, and what are some examples?
Proteins are enzymes, muscle cells, structural cells, antibodies, hormones, and transporters. They are used all throughout the body for delivery and other transportation related mechanisms.
What are the 20 amino acids?
- alanine -arginine -histidine -valine
- cyteseine -lysine -leucine -serine
- glycine -isoleucine -methionine -proline
- tyrosine -glutamate -phenlyalanine -asparagine
- tryptophan -aspartate -threonine
What food combinations would increase use of amino acids for protein synthesis?
Rice, beans, peanut butter.
What is the limiting factor for making amino acids?
Nitrogen in the environment.
Name the four principle roles of lipids.
- Principle components of cell and intracellular membranes
- Storage compounds in animals and plants
- Greatly reduce permeability of integument of water
- Energy storage
What are the essential fatty acids and how do humans use them?
Omega-3
Omega-6
Eat fish and nuts
Name the three principle roles of carbohydrates.
- Large polysaccharides provide structural support and shape to cells
Ex: chitin - Polysaccharides used for storage compounds
Ex: glycogen - Transport compounds
Ex: monosaccharides & disaccharides in the blood
Are there essential carbohydrates? Would a diet rich in insects be recommended for human consumption, why or why not?
No, your body produces their own carbohydrates.
A diet rich in insects would be detrimental to the human body, it cannot break down chitin, plus you would not be able to obtain much nutrients from insects solely.
What is the difference between a vitamin and a mineral?
Vitamin: organic compound that animals must obtain in small quantities from food or another outside source
-cannot be synthesized
-water soluble, i.e. niacin, riboflavin, biotin
-lipid soluble, i.e. K, A, D, E
Mineral: chemical element that is required by animals
What is Vitamin A used for?
- light activated component of visual pigments
- normal bone growth
- reproductive function
- cell membrane integrity
Are bee stings venomous?
Technically yes, it is a defensive venom employed on the predator.
What is suspension feeding and what are the benefits?
- feeding on objects, suspended in water, that are much smaller than the predator
- animal does not have to expire energy to get food, and also getting MORE energy by cutting down food chain
What are some examples of suspension feeders?
- oysters
- blue whales
- clupeid fish
Is the gut typically anaerobic or aerobic? Where do microbes of fermenters live?
- gut is typically anaerobic, it produces methane gas
- microbes of fermenters live in foregut (inside esphogus and stomach)
What allows ruminants to utilize cellulose?
Ruminants are animals that have specialized digestive tracts and rumen where microbes live. These microbes produce a complex of enzymes called cellulase that allow them to break down cellulose into compounds that their host animal can absorb and metabolize.
What are examples of ruminant animals?
Cows, sheep, goats, moose, deer, buffaloes
What is unique about ruminants and their use of urea?
Ruminants are able to prevent waste nitrogen from animal metabolism to be recycled into new animal proteins rather than being excreted.
The urea can diffuse from the blood into the rumen, where microbes break nitrogen down into ammonia. The bacteria are then able to make proteins for themselves, then these microbial proteins will be utilized by the host animal for their own protein synthesis.
What are the two key forms of digestion?
- Physical
- chew it in the mouth, known as mastication
- Chemical
- amylase breaks down carbs immediately
Where is the headgut located? What is its function?
Location: mouth, that is where primary digestion occurs.
Functions to: begin breaking down food
Where is the foregut located? What is its function?
Location: anterior part of the alimentary canal, from esphogous to dudenum
Functions to: aid in moving food from mouth to inside the digestive system (peristalsis)
Where is the midgut located? What is its function?
Location: Superior mesenteric artery: jejunum, ileum, appendix
Functions to: aid in absorption and digestion
Where is the hindgut located? What is its function?
Location: Inferior mesenteric artery: descending colon, rectum
Functions to: adjust the final composition and quantity of the urine
Organic chemists and biochemists often classify molecules based on similarities in their chemical composition. For which compound would developing a generalized “formula” for chemical composition be most difficult?
A. Vitamins
B. Lipids
C. Carbohydrates
D. Proteins
A.
One of the minerals that is particularly important for lactating females and their offspring is…
A. Zinc
B. Iron
C. Selenium
D. Calcium
D.
A newborn is having problems with excessive bleeding following a very minor injury. It is therefore suspected that _______ was inadequate following birth.
A. Vitamin D
B. Vitamin A
C. Vitamin K
D. Vitamin E
C.
In the study by Mayntz et al., Wolf spiders were fed either a protein-rich or lipid-rich diet of fruit flies (Drosophila) and then tested for their preference by being presented with each diet in sequence. Which statement about the results of the study is true?
A. All spiders preferred protein because protein is both uniquely important and uniquely tenuous in animal nutrition (i.e., it is “foremost”).
B. All spiders preferred lipid because it has the most energy per gram.
C. Spiders on the protein-rich diet ate flies rich in protein and spiders on the lipid-rich diet ate flies rich in lipid.
D. Spiders on the protein-rich diet ate flies rich in lipid and spiders on the lipid-rich diet ate flies rich in protein.
D.
A major difference between vertebrate and insect digestive systems is that…
A. only vertebrates have a foregut.
B. gut motility is a characteristic of vertebrates only.
C. the hindgut affects urine composition in insects but not in vertebrates.
D. insects lack digestive enzymes and rely solely on endosymbionts.
C.
Where is amylase found? What is its function?
Headgut
Breaks down carbohydrates in the mouth
Where is pepsin found? What is its function?
Foregut
Breaks down proteins in the presence of HCl inside the stomach
Where is lipase found? What is its function?
Midgut
Breaks down lipid, fat inside the intestine
