Chapter 6: Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion

Question 1

Function and fate of chemicals and energy animals ingest

Answer 1

• Chemicals are absorbed and their energy is used in biosynthesis, maintenance, and generation of work. Leaves mainly as heat.
• Heat is the ultimate form of energy due to friction and viscosity

Question 2

Proteins

Answer 2

• polypeptide chains of amino acids with N.
• Function as enzymes, in muscles, antibodies, hormones, globins, membrane proteins.
• most chemically diverse, require an array of enzymes to break them down.

Question 3

Nonessential amino acids

Answer 3

can be synthesized by an animal

Question 4

essential amino acids

Answer 4

cannot be synthesized, must be absorbed fully formed from an outside source

Question 5

Lipids

Answer 5

Fatty acids, fat and oils

• function in cell membranes, myelin, storage, waterproofing, insulation and hormones
• stored in bodies as energy source, present in large amounts
• FAT HAS GREATEST DENSITY OF MACRONUTRIENTS

Question 6

Carbs

Answer 6

sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin.

• function in structure, storage and transport.
• stored as energy source, LOWEST ENERGY DENSITY OF MACRONUTRIENTS
• Principle fuel source for central nervous system

Question 7

Vitamins/Minerals

Answer 7

“Micronutrients” organic (vitamins) and inorganic (minerals)

• function as coenzymes, antioxidants, photoreceptors
• Stored or not, not used for energy

Question 8

Macrophagy

Answer 8

(eating big chunks) includes; suction feeding, grazing, browsing, biting and ram feeding

Question 9

Suction feeding

Answer 9

sucking in water and food

Question 10

ram feeding

Answer 10

swimming over, engulfing prey

Question 11

microphagy

Answer 11

eating small particles; includes suspension feeding, pumping, filter feeding, mucus entrapment, cross-flow filtration and ram feeding.

Question 12

autotrophic symbiont

Answer 12

Use algae to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic precursors like light.

Question 13

heterotrophic symbiont

Answer 13

require organic compounds from external sources

Question 14

Heatgut

Answer 14

(IN VERTEBRATES)-consists of digestive tract in head and neck
-Capture and engulf prey

Question 15

Foregut

Answer 15

(VERTEBRATES) - esophagous, stomach, crop or gizzard
-moves food to stomach, pepsin secrete to digest proteins
-acidic environment activates pepsinogens
(ARTHROPODS) - mechanical processing and storage

Question 16

Rumen

Answer 16

communities of foregut fermenting microbes exist in this non acidified chamber

Question 17

midgut

Answer 17

(VERTEBRATES) small intestine
-site of digestion and absorption of food
-liver and pancreas secrete digestive chemicals
(ARTHROPODS) - digestion and absorption in hepatopancreas

Question 18

hindgut

Answer 18

(VERTEBRATES) large intestine, colon, cecum
-absorbs water and minerals
(ARTHROPODS) - water and nutrient absorption

Question 19

hepatopancreas

Answer 19

digestion and absorption in arthropods

Question 20

Mollusk Digestion

Answer 20

• absorption precedes digestion, takes place in epithelial cells of diverticula
• digestion is intracellular, depends on ciliary rather than muscle contraction to move food through digestion
• possess crystalline style which has many novel functions

Question 21

What enzymes are needed to digest carbs?

Answer 21

headgut, midgut, foregut

• broken down by saccharides and amulase to mono/disaccharides, absorbed by gut epithelial cells via active/passive transport
• first enzyme to act on starches of glycogen in amylase.
• cellulose is required to break down cellulose, not synthesized by any vertebrate

Question 22

What enzymes are needed to digest proteins?

Answer 22

foregut, midgut

• protein starts in stomach with action of pepsins
• peptidases break proteins into amino acids

Question 23

endopeptidases

Answer 23

create breaks within chains of amino acids

Question 24

exopeptidases

Answer 24

split off amino acids from chains

Question 25

proenzymes/zymogens

Answer 25

enzymes that are only activated once they reach their destination where digestion occurs

Question 26

What enzymes are needed to digest lipids?

Answer 26

midgut | -lipases break them down to fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol.

Question 27

Describe the mechanism of glucose and fructose absorption

Answer 27

requires transporter proteins in cell membranes, occurs by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport

Question 28

define transamination

Answer 28

amino groups can be moved to make new acids

Question 29

define deamination

Answer 29

removal of nitrogen containing amino groups from amino acids or proteins

Question 30

digestive diverticula

Answer 30

out-pocketing of gut that has a lot of surface area, specialized because of the enzymes secreted into it and structure -digestive function

Question 31

digestion

Answer 31

process of splitting up ingested food molecules into smaller chemical componenets that an animal is capable of distributing to the tissues of its body

Question 32

absorption

Answer 32

entry of organic molecules into the living tissues of an animal from outside those tissues

Question 33

peristalsis

Answer 33

"wave" of muscle constriction that moves food in digestion

Question 34

segmentation

Answer 34

moving food back and forth, mixing it around to digest it because only food that comes in contact with the intestine will digest

Question 35

How do pepsinogens digest proteins?

Answer 35

The acidic environment of the stomach activates them and allows them to digest proteins