Chapter 6: Nutrition, Feeding and Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

Function and fate of chemicals and energy animals ingest

A
  • Chemicals are absorbed and their energy is used in biosynthesis, maintenance, and generation of work. Leaves mainly as heat.
  • Heat is the ultimate form of energy due to friction and viscosity
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2
Q

Proteins

A
  • polypeptide chains of amino acids with N.
  • Function as enzymes, in muscles, antibodies, hormones, globins, membrane proteins.
  • most chemically diverse, require an array of enzymes to break them down.
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3
Q

Nonessential amino acids

A

can be synthesized by an animal

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4
Q

essential amino acids

A

cannot be synthesized, must be absorbed fully formed from an outside source

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5
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids, fat and oils

  • function in cell membranes, myelin, storage, waterproofing, insulation and hormones
  • stored in bodies as energy source, present in large amounts
  • FAT HAS GREATEST DENSITY OF MACRONUTRIENTS
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6
Q

Carbs

A

sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin.

  • function in structure, storage and transport.
  • stored as energy source, LOWEST ENERGY DENSITY OF MACRONUTRIENTS
  • Principle fuel source for central nervous system
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7
Q

Vitamins/Minerals

A

“Micronutrients” organic (vitamins) and inorganic (minerals)

  • function as coenzymes, antioxidants, photoreceptors
  • Stored or not, not used for energy
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8
Q

Macrophagy

A

(eating big chunks) includes; suction feeding, grazing, browsing, biting and ram feeding

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9
Q

Suction feeding

A

sucking in water and food

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10
Q

ram feeding

A

swimming over, engulfing prey

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11
Q

microphagy

A

eating small particles; includes suspension feeding, pumping, filter feeding, mucus entrapment, cross-flow filtration and ram feeding.

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12
Q

autotrophic symbiont

A

Use algae to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic precursors like light.

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13
Q

heterotrophic symbiont

A

require organic compounds from external sources

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14
Q

Heatgut

A

(IN VERTEBRATES)-consists of digestive tract in head and neck
-Capture and engulf prey

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15
Q

Foregut

A

(VERTEBRATES) - esophagous, stomach, crop or gizzard
-moves food to stomach, pepsin secrete to digest proteins
-acidic environment activates pepsinogens
(ARTHROPODS) - mechanical processing and storage

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16
Q

Rumen

A

communities of foregut fermenting microbes exist in this non acidified chamber

17
Q

midgut

A

(VERTEBRATES) small intestine
-site of digestion and absorption of food
-liver and pancreas secrete digestive chemicals
(ARTHROPODS) - digestion and absorption in hepatopancreas

18
Q

hindgut

A

(VERTEBRATES) large intestine, colon, cecum
-absorbs water and minerals
(ARTHROPODS) - water and nutrient absorption

19
Q

hepatopancreas

A

digestion and absorption in arthropods

20
Q

Mollusk Digestion

A
  • absorption precedes digestion, takes place in epithelial cells of diverticula
  • digestion is intracellular, depends on ciliary rather than muscle contraction to move food through digestion
  • possess crystalline style which has many novel functions
21
Q

What enzymes are needed to digest carbs?

A

headgut, midgut, foregut

  • broken down by saccharides and amulase to mono/disaccharides, absorbed by gut epithelial cells via active/passive transport
  • first enzyme to act on starches of glycogen in amylase.
  • cellulose is required to break down cellulose, not synthesized by any vertebrate
22
Q

What enzymes are needed to digest proteins?

A

foregut, midgut

  • protein starts in stomach with action of pepsins
  • peptidases break proteins into amino acids
23
Q

endopeptidases

A

create breaks within chains of amino acids

24
Q

exopeptidases

A

split off amino acids from chains

25
Q

proenzymes/zymogens

A

enzymes that are only activated once they reach their destination where digestion occurs

26
Q

What enzymes are needed to digest lipids?

A

midgut

-lipases break them down to fatty acids, monoglycerides and glycerol.

27
Q

Describe the mechanism of glucose and fructose absorption

A

requires transporter proteins in cell membranes, occurs by facilitated diffusion or secondary active transport

28
Q

define transamination

A

amino groups can be moved to make new acids

29
Q

define deamination

A

removal of nitrogen containing amino groups from amino acids or proteins

30
Q

digestive diverticula

A

out-pocketing of gut that has a lot of surface area, specialized because of the enzymes secreted into it and structure
-digestive function

31
Q

digestion

A

process of splitting up ingested food molecules into smaller chemical componenets that an animal is capable of distributing to the tissues of its body

32
Q

absorption

A

entry of organic molecules into the living tissues of an animal from outside those tissues

33
Q

peristalsis

A

“wave” of muscle constriction that moves food in digestion

34
Q

segmentation

A

moving food back and forth, mixing it around to digest it because only food that comes in contact with the intestine will digest

35
Q

How do pepsinogens digest proteins?

A

The acidic environment of the stomach activates them and allows them to digest proteins