Chapter 3: Genomics

Question 1

Describe pattern of hemoglobin evolution

Answer 1

• Lost in common Icefish ancestor.

- Ice fish lack beta-globin gene and part of alpha-globin gene.

Question 2

Pattern of myoglobin evolution

Answer 2

• gene in some Icefish were altered differently from other genes than other species.
• Lost four times after hemoglobin

Question 3

Pattern of antifreeze glycoprotein evolution

Answer 3

-appeared before Icefish came to be, proteins are found in all red-blooded Antarctic fish.

Question 4

Describe Top-down approach

Answer 4

-first recognize an attribute of animal function of interest, seek to identify aspects of tissue function that are involved. Then look for proteins responsible for tissue function. Finally, identify gene codes for proteins ,study the expression of gene, and evolution

Question 5

Describe bottom-up approach

Answer 5

-investigation proceeds from genes to expression, then to tissue biochemistry, finally to tissue and animal function.

Question 6

Describe genomics

Answer 6

• initial step is genome sequencing
• requires sophisticated data management
• study of genomes; goal is to elucidate the evolution of genes and genomes and current functioning of genes and genomes

Question 7

describe transcriptomics

Answer 7

study of genes that are being transcribed to make mRNA and the rates at which they are transcribed. Imply simultaneous study of great numbers of mRNAs, used by highly through-put methods such as DNA microarrays

Question 8

Describe proteomics

Answer 8

study of proteins being synthesized by cells and tissues.

-implies simultaneous study of large numbers of proteins

Question 9

Metabolics

Answer 9

study of all the organic compounds in cells and tissues other than macromolecules coded by the genome

Question 10

Explain how to use DNA mciroarrays

Answer 10

Used like a microchip in transcriptomics.
-Subjects did legs for 90 mins for five days on one leg. Biopsies were taken of the muscle, the microarrays showed that a group of genes – stress response genes – exhibited highly enhanced transcription.

Question 11

Weakness of bottom-up approach

Answer 11

• Neglects to identify relationships of genes.

- Soring implication of tissue function can be mind boggling.

Question 12

Hemoglobin

Answer 12

respiratory pigment formed by combo of heme with a globin protein

Question 13

expression profilin

Answer 13

(transcription profiling) - method in which investigators detect and measure large sets of mRNA simultaneously as a way of assessing patterns of gene transcription in cells or tissues

Question 14

gene knockout

Answer 14

(knockout animal) - animal that has been genetically engineered to lack functional copies of gene of interest

Question 15

annotation

Answer 15

• interpreting the function of gene sequences

- process of adding interpretive information of gene to identities