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Pathology > chapter 6 Neoplasms > Flashcards

chapter 6 Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common Type of cancer?

A

Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in both sexes

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2
Q

What is the most common cancers for each respective gender?

A

○ In females, breast cancer is the second most common fatal cancer
○ In males, prostate cancer fatality is the most common of all cancers

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3
Q

Oncology

A

the study of neoplasms

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4
Q

Benign

A

not capable of metastasizing and usually not capable of causing death

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5
Q

Malignant

A

capable of metastasizing and capable of causing death

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6
Q

Neoplasm

A

an uncontrolled growth of new cells, benign or malignant

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7
Q

Tumor

A

literally, as mass: however everyday language, a neoplasm

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8
Q

Cancer

A

any kind of malignant neoplasm

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9
Q

Carcinoma

A

○ a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal tissue.
○ Bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, or fibrous tissue.

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10
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor of a gland

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11
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor of gland epithelium

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12
Q

Fibrosarcoma

A

malignant tumor of fibrous tissue

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13
Q

What is the difference b/n Benign and Malignant neoplasm?

A

○ Benign neoplasms grow slowly
○ Malignant neoplasm grow rapidly and are capable of causing death

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14
Q

What causes neoplasms?

A

Damaged DNA is the root cause

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15
Q

What is the detectable size of a neoplasm?

A

1 gram

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16
Q

Malignant cells do not spread unless ?

A

they are able to invade lymphatic channels or blood vessels

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17
Q

The most common genetic defect in human cancer is

A

mutation of complete loss of the p53 gene –regulates apoptosis

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18
Q

Retinoblastoma

A

appears as a white mass arising from the retina

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19
Q

DNA Repair

A

If the DNA repair system is damaged misspelled DNA remains defective and prone to promote cancer

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20
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosa

A

○ a skin disorder with a predisposition to development of skin cancer
○ caused by faulty DNA repair

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21
Q

Causes of Cancer

A

○ a transformation of cells (carcinogenesis) that follows injuries that produce direct damage to DNA (mutagenesis)
○ Chemicals, ionizing radiation, and viruses can be responsible

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22
Q

Most common viral cancer causers

A

○ Human papilloma virus (HPV)
○ Epstein Barr virus (EBV)
○ Hepatitis B (HBV)

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23
Q

Benign neoplasms: shape and structure

A

○ slow growing and have rounded, smooth outline
○ smooth outline with a rim of compressed fibrous tissue at the edge (a fibrous capsule)

24
Q

Malignant neoplasms: shape and structure

A

○ irregular, with fingers of tumors invading adjacent tissue
○ the cut surface has a varied appearance

25
Q

polyp

A

a mass that protrudes from an epithelial surface

26
Q

All neoplasms have two basic components

A

○ parenchyma, which is the neoplastic tissue
○ the stroma, a non-neoplastic supporting network of blood vessels and fibrous tissue

27
Q

Structural differences of benign and malignant tumors

A

○ Benign neoplasms may reproduce tissue recognizably close to normal tissue
○ Malignant nuclei are large and dark because of the presence of excess DNA – a feature called hyperchromatism

28
Q

Dysplasia

A

○ a pre-malignant state of tissue (usually epithelium) that is atypical and clearly abnormal but not yet malignant
○ does not always progress to malignancy

29
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

○ a tissue state that is literally cancer “in place”.
○ Developed by dysplasia

30
Q

Once carcinoma invades below the basement membrane it is no longer in situ; it is

A

○ Invasive
○ invasive malignancies can metastasize

31
Q

Neoplasms make themselves known by

A

local pressure effect exerted by the expanding mass of the primary tumor

32
Q

degree of differentiation of a neoplasm

A

the degree to which a neoplasm resembles normal tissue in function and appearance

33
Q

Tumor cells reproduce by forming

A

○ A clone
○ Identical cells that descend from a single ancestor

34
Q

All tumor cells are

A

Monoclonal

35
Q

Speed Of Tumor Growth

A

○ It takes far longer for a normal cell to become malignant than for any other stage of tumor growth
○ 30 generations (30 doublings) for a mass to grow large enough, about the size of a grape (about 1 gram)

36
Q

Lymphomas and leukemias grow more rapidly than most other tumors because

A

they have high growth fractions

37
Q

Nourishment of Tumors

A

Neoplasms develop their own network of blood vessels

38
Q

As the tumor grows

A

the clone cells diverges into lines with different characteristics

39
Q

Tumors that require - are vulnerable to therapy that -

A

○ require hormone
○ reduces hormone availability

40
Q

Invasiveness

A

○ the ability of a neoplasm to invade tissue
○ especially basement membrane, blood vessels, lymphatics

41
Q

The most feared feature of any malignancy is its

A

ability to spread by direct invasion of blood vessel

42
Q

Sarcomas have a propensity for

A

vascular invasion and widespread metastasis

43
Q

Carcinomas tend to

A

invade lymphatics first and metastasize to local lymph nodes

44
Q

Cytology

A

the diagnostic study of individual cells for evidence of cancer or other abnormality

45
Q

Papanicolaou (Pap) smear

A

screen for cervical cancer

46
Q

Fine needle aspirate

A

sometimes under radiological guidance

47
Q

Biopsy

A

collection of tissue for diagnosis by surgical excision

48
Q

in order to treat cancers appropriately

A

Cancers are graded and staged

49
Q

Typical grade I cancers

A

○ (low grade)
○ least aggressive microscopic appearance

50
Q

Grade II cancers

A

intermediate

51
Q

Grade III (high grade)

A

○ appear to be the most aggressive
○ poorly differentiated and highly atypical

52
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

○ a protein produced by cells of the prostate gland.
○ PSA test measures the level of PSA in the blood.

53
Q

CEA

A

○ used mainly to monitor the treatment of cancer patients, especially those with colon cancer.
○ used as a marker for other forms of cancer, including cancers of the rectum, lung, breast, liver, pancreas stomach, and ovary

54
Q

CA 15-3

A

○ not sensitive or specific enough to be considered useful as a tool for cancer screening
○ main use is to monitor a person’s response to breast cancer treatment and to watch for breast cancer recurrence

55
Q

CA-125

A

used to monitor therapy during treatment for ovarian cancer

56
Q

AFP

A

detect and diagnose cancers of the liver, testes, and ovaries

57
Q

p-53

A

gene that codes for a protein that regulates the cell cycle and hence functions as a tumor suppression

Pathology (7 decks)

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