Chapter 10: Respiratory disorders Flashcards
What are bronchi?
○ stiff tubes composed of rings of cartilage
○ lined by mucous glands, bundles of smooth muscle, and epithelium formed of ciliated columnar cells
What are Bronchioles?
○ smaller, have thinner walls, and are composed of epithelium and smooth muscle
○ no cartilage or mucous glands are present
What are Alveoli?
○ lined by type I and type II (surfactant secreting) pneumocytes
○ supported by a basement membrane
Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)
○ exaggerated immune reaction to pollen, fungi, animal dander, or dust mites
○ affects about 20% of the US population
What is the source of dust mite allergy?
A protein present in the feces and decaying bodies of dust mites
When does Acute upper respiratory infections occur after?
After minor skin infections and irritations
Most common ailment of acute upper respiratory infections?
colds are the most common ailment
How are upper respiratory infections transmitted?
Transmitted by droplets in air
How long do upper respiratory infections last?
Within a few days, may last 10 -12 days
What signifies an upper respiratory infection enough for treatment?
The appearance of yellow, purulent discharge or ear pain
What is Acute pharyngitis essentially?
○ Sore throat
○ Usually caused by a virus
Why is Bacterial pharyngitis more serious than it’s viral version?
○ may cause autoimmune reactions
○ results in acute rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis
What is vocal cord nodules?
○ singers nodules
○ small smooth fibrous nodules caused by smoking or chronic vocal stress
What else can cause vocal cord nodules?
human papillomavirus (HPV) infections
Where do most cases of Carcinoma of the larynx occur in?
○ most cases occur in male smokers over age 40
○ Alcohol abuse increases the risk substantially
Atelectasis
○ Collapse of part/whole of the lung
○ Gases are not exchanges properly and invites infection
Obstructive Lung Disease
general barrier to smooth flow of air through the bronchi
What are examples of obstructive lung disease?
○ Asthma
○ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
Asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease of small bronchi and bronchioles characterized by bronchospasm and air-trapping
what can cause an Allergic asthma?
irritant is an allergen that stimulates a type I hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) reaction
Occupational asthmaticus
○ potentially fatal, severe asthmatic bronchospasm
○ Bronchioles become plugged with thick, sticky mucus that obstructs airflow into and out of the alveoli
what are the diseases associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?
○ Emphysema
○ Chronic bronchitis
○ Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
○ all have chronic bronchial outflow obstruction
Of the three categories of COPD which 2 are the most significant?
Chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Emphysema
destruction of alveolar walls results in large air spaces with decreased pulmonary surface area for gas diffusion
Bronchiectasis
permanent dilation of distal bronchi and bronchioles
○ caused by recurrent necrotizing bronchial infections that destroy supporting tissue of the airway
○ leaving a dilated, flaccid, pus-filled tube
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
○ scarring or thickening of the lungs without a known cause
○ causes the lungs to become scarred and stiffened
○ make it increasingly difficult to breathe
What is the cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
No one knows what causes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or why some people get it
What causes Pneumoconiosis?
caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, silica dust, and coal mine dust
Asbestosis
a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos particles
What is asbestos particles?
tiny silicate fibers formerly used in industry, especially for fireproofing and insulation
What can asbestosis lead to?
○ causes interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
○ pleural fibrosis
○ pleural effusion
○ pleural mesothelioma- a neoplasm that can be benign or malignant.
Sarcoidosis
○ systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause
○ affects many tissues and features granulomatous inflammation
○ may develop in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
○ a T cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction
○ AKA allergic alveolitis
What can cause Hypersensitivity pneumonitis?
Occurs in response to inhaled antigens, like mold or dust
Pulmonary Edema
fluid in the alveoli
Hemodynamic edema
○ when there is increased blood pressure in the lung vascular bed
○ Usually a result of left heart failure
Pulmonary Hypertension
○ systolic pressure > 30 mm Hg
○ or average pressure > 25 mm Hg
○ Most common cause: increased vascular resistance
Primary pulmonary hypertension
abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary vascular tree
Cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart brought on by long-term high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
○ Edema accumulates in the alveoli as a result of alveolar and pulmonary capillary damage
○ condenses into a thick protein membrane, which coats alveolar walls and impairs gas exchange
Pneumonia
one of the most serious and most common complications of immunodeficiency
What are the most common causes of Pneumonia?
○ The usual causes are HIV/ AIDS infection
○ immunosuppression therapy for transplants
○ chemotherapy for malignancy
○ genetic defect
Community Pneumonia
○ acute pneumonia not acquired in some special circumstance, such as in a hospital
○ in association with an immune deficiency
Nosocomial pneumonia
pneumonia acquired in a hospital
What is the most common cause of community pneumonia?
lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae
What are other diseases that cause community acquired pneumonia?
○ Staphylococcus aureus
○ Haemophilus influenzae
○ Legionella pneumophilia
○ Mycoplasma pneumonia
How is the lung affected in bronchopneumonia, alveolar inflammation?
widespread but patchy, leaving some alveoli unaffected
How is the lung affected in lobar pneumonia?
all alveoli in the lobe are involved by intense acute inflammation
Alveolar pneumonia
○ inflammation, usually acute inflammation,
○ severe enough to completely fill (solidify, consolidate) large numbers of alveoli with inflammatory exudate
Interstitial pneumonia
○ inflammation that is confined to the alveolar septa and does not fill the alveoli with inflammatory exudate
○ inflammation is diffuse and bilateral and is usually caused by virus infection
For primary infection of Tuberculosis, why doesn’t it spread beyond initial spot?
○ an effective immune response arrests most infections before they spread beyond the initial site (Ghon tubercle)
The difference between infection by the tuberculosis bacillus and the disease known as tuberculosis?
○ tuberculosis bacillus: lungs have been seeded by the tuberculosis bacillus and the immune system has contained the infection
○ Disease implies spread of infection beyond the initial lung
Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis
○ occurs only in patients sensitized by earlier infection
○ lesions occur in the lung apices
What are pathogens that are responsible for Pulmonary Fungus Infections or Deep Mycoses?
○ Histoplasmosis
○ Coccidioidomycosis
○ Candidiasis
○ Cryptococcosis
Histoplasmosis
an infection that occurs from breathing in the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum
Coccidioidomycosis
○ a fungus found in the soil of dry, low rainfall areas
○ known as Valley Fever
○ a common cause of pneumonia in endemic areas
Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia
Microscopic study of the lungs in a patient with AIDS
Small cell carcinoma of the lung
○ the most lethal and resistant to therapy
○ has a distinctive microscopic appearance
○ occurs only in smokers
Large cell carcinoma of the lung
○ composed of large, fleshy, rounded or elongated cells that lack differentiation
○ are too undifferentiated to permit specific classification
