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Pathology > Chapter 10: Respiratory disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Respiratory disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are bronchi?

A

○ stiff tubes composed of rings of cartilage
○ lined by mucous glands, bundles of smooth muscle, and epithelium formed of ciliated columnar cells

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2
Q

What are Bronchioles?

A

○ smaller, have thinner walls, and are composed of epithelium and smooth muscle
○ no cartilage or mucous glands are present

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3
Q

What are Alveoli?

A

○ lined by type I and type II (surfactant secreting) pneumocytes
○ supported by a basement membrane

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4
Q

Allergic rhinitis (Hay fever)

A

○ exaggerated immune reaction to pollen, fungi, animal dander, or dust mites
○ affects about 20% of the US population

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5
Q

What is the source of dust mite allergy?

A

A protein present in the feces and decaying bodies of dust mites

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6
Q

When does Acute upper respiratory infections occur after?

A

After minor skin infections and irritations

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7
Q

Most common ailment of acute upper respiratory infections?

A

colds are the most common ailment

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8
Q

How are upper respiratory infections transmitted?

A

Transmitted by droplets in air

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9
Q

How long do upper respiratory infections last?

A

Within a few days, may last 10 -12 days

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10
Q

What signifies an upper respiratory infection enough for treatment?

A

The appearance of yellow, purulent discharge or ear pain

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11
Q

What is Acute pharyngitis essentially?

A

○ Sore throat
○ Usually caused by a virus

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12
Q

Why is Bacterial pharyngitis more serious than it’s viral version?

A

○ may cause autoimmune reactions
○ results in acute rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis

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13
Q

What is vocal cord nodules?

A

○ singers nodules
○ small smooth fibrous nodules caused by smoking or chronic vocal stress

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14
Q

What else can cause vocal cord nodules?

A

human papillomavirus (HPV) infections

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15
Q

Where do most cases of Carcinoma of the larynx occur in?

A

○ most cases occur in male smokers over age 40
○ Alcohol abuse increases the risk substantially

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16
Q

Atelectasis

A

○ Collapse of part/whole of the lung
○ Gases are not exchanges properly and invites infection

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17
Q

Obstructive Lung Disease

A

general barrier to smooth flow of air through the bronchi

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18
Q

What are examples of obstructive lung disease?

A

○ Asthma
○ Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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19
Q

Asthma

A

a chronic inflammatory disease of small bronchi and bronchioles characterized by bronchospasm and air-trapping

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20
Q

what can cause an Allergic asthma?

A

irritant is an allergen that stimulates a type I hypersensitivity (anaphylaxis) reaction

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21
Q

Occupational asthmaticus

A

○ potentially fatal, severe asthmatic bronchospasm
○ Bronchioles become plugged with thick, sticky mucus that obstructs airflow into and out of the alveoli

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22
Q

what are the diseases associated with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)?

A

○ Emphysema
○ Chronic bronchitis
○ Chronic asthmatic bronchitis
○ all have chronic bronchial outflow obstruction

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23
Q

Of the three categories of COPD which 2 are the most significant?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema

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24
Q

Emphysema

A

destruction of alveolar walls results in large air spaces with decreased pulmonary surface area for gas diffusion

25
Q

Bronchiectasis

A

permanent dilation of distal bronchi and bronchioles
○ caused by recurrent necrotizing bronchial infections that destroy supporting tissue of the airway
○ leaving a dilated, flaccid, pus-filled tube

26
Q

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

A

○ scarring or thickening of the lungs without a known cause
○ causes the lungs to become scarred and stiffened
○ make it increasingly difficult to breathe

27
Q

What is the cause of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?

A

No one knows what causes idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis or why some people get it

28
Q

What causes Pneumoconiosis?

A

caused by inhalation of asbestos fibers, silica dust, and coal mine dust

29
Q

Asbestosis

A

a lung disease caused by inhalation of asbestos particles

30
Q

What is asbestos particles?

A

tiny silicate fibers formerly used in industry, especially for fireproofing and insulation

31
Q

What can asbestosis lead to?

A

○ causes interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
○ pleural fibrosis
○ pleural effusion
○ pleural mesothelioma- a neoplasm that can be benign or malignant.

32
Q

Sarcoidosis

A

○ systemic granulomatous disease of unknown cause
○ affects many tissues and features granulomatous inflammation
○ may develop in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes

33
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

○ a T cell mediated delayed hypersensitivity reaction
○ AKA allergic alveolitis

34
Q

What can cause Hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Occurs in response to inhaled antigens, like mold or dust

35
Q

Pulmonary Edema

A

fluid in the alveoli

36
Q

Hemodynamic edema

A

○ when there is increased blood pressure in the lung vascular bed
○ Usually a result of left heart failure

37
Q

Pulmonary Hypertension

A

○ systolic pressure > 30 mm Hg
○ or average pressure > 25 mm Hg
○ Most common cause: increased vascular resistance

38
Q

Primary pulmonary hypertension

A

abnormally high blood pressure in the pulmonary vascular tree

39
Q

Cor pulmonale

A

failure of the right side of the heart brought on by long-term high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart

40
Q

Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A

○ Edema accumulates in the alveoli as a result of alveolar and pulmonary capillary damage
○ condenses into a thick protein membrane, which coats alveolar walls and impairs gas exchange

41
Q

Pneumonia

A

one of the most serious and most common complications of immunodeficiency

42
Q

What are the most common causes of Pneumonia?

A

○ The usual causes are HIV/ AIDS infection
○ immunosuppression therapy for transplants
○ chemotherapy for malignancy
○ genetic defect

43
Q

Community Pneumonia

A

○ acute pneumonia not acquired in some special circumstance, such as in a hospital
○ in association with an immune deficiency

44
Q

Nosocomial pneumonia

A

pneumonia acquired in a hospital

45
Q

What is the most common cause of community pneumonia?

A

lobar pneumonia caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae

46
Q

What are other diseases that cause community acquired pneumonia?

A

○ Staphylococcus aureus
○ Haemophilus influenzae
○ Legionella pneumophilia
○ Mycoplasma pneumonia

47
Q

How is the lung affected in bronchopneumonia, alveolar inflammation?

A

widespread but patchy, leaving some alveoli unaffected

48
Q

How is the lung affected in lobar pneumonia?

A

all alveoli in the lobe are involved by intense acute inflammation

49
Q

Alveolar pneumonia

A

○ inflammation, usually acute inflammation,
○ severe enough to completely fill (solidify, consolidate) large numbers of alveoli with inflammatory exudate

50
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

○ inflammation that is confined to the alveolar septa and does not fill the alveoli with inflammatory exudate
○ inflammation is diffuse and bilateral and is usually caused by virus infection

51
Q

For primary infection of Tuberculosis, why doesn’t it spread beyond initial spot?

A

○ an effective immune response arrests most infections before they spread beyond the initial site (Ghon tubercle)

52
Q

The difference between infection by the tuberculosis bacillus and the disease known as tuberculosis?

A

○ tuberculosis bacillus: lungs have been seeded by the tuberculosis bacillus and the immune system has contained the infection
○ Disease implies spread of infection beyond the initial lung

53
Q

Secondary pulmonary tuberculosis

A

○ occurs only in patients sensitized by earlier infection
○ lesions occur in the lung apices

54
Q

What are pathogens that are responsible for Pulmonary Fungus Infections or Deep Mycoses?

A

○ Histoplasmosis
○ Coccidioidomycosis
○ Candidiasis
○ Cryptococcosis

55
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

an infection that occurs from breathing in the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum

56
Q

Coccidioidomycosis

A

○ a fungus found in the soil of dry, low rainfall areas
○ known as Valley Fever
○ a common cause of pneumonia in endemic areas

57
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia

A

Microscopic study of the lungs in a patient with AIDS

58
Q

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

A

○ the most lethal and resistant to therapy
○ has a distinctive microscopic appearance
○ occurs only in smokers

59
Q

Large cell carcinoma of the lung

A

○ composed of large, fleshy, rounded or elongated cells that lack differentiation
○ are too undifferentiated to permit specific classification

Pathology (7 decks)

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