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Anatomy > Chapter 6: Muscular System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

4 Tissue Types

A

1.Epithelium
2.Connective
3.Muscular
4.Nervous

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2
Q

What is the main function of muscle tissue?

A

Contraction

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3
Q

How does a muscle function?

A

Muscles function like a motor, nutrients are the energy for the motors, controlled by the nervous system.

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4
Q

3 Types of Muscle Tissue

A

1.Skeletal
2.Smooth
3.Cardiac

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5
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Histology)

A
  1. Large Cylindrical Fibers
  2. Striated
  3. Multinucleate (off to side)
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6
Q

Cardiac Muscle (Histology)

A
  1. Short
  2. Striated Branched Fibers
  3. Single Nucleus
  4. Intercalated discs: Special junctions that conduct contractions.
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7
Q

Smooth Muscle (Histology)

A
  1. Small, Spindle Shaped
  2. Non striated
  3. Single central nucleus
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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle (Characteristics)

A
  1. Voluntary controlled (via nervous system)
  2. Speed of contraction (Slow to Fast)
  3. Rhythmic Contraction: No
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9
Q

Cardiac Muscle (Characteristics)

A
  1. Involuntary controlled (hormones)
  2. Speed of contraction (Slow)
  3. Rhythmic contraction (yes)
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10
Q

Smooth Muscle (Characteristics)

A
  1. Involuntary Controlled (via nervous system, hormones)
  2. Speed of Contraction (very slow)
    Rhythmic Contraction (yes, in some)
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11
Q

Functions of Skeletal Muscles (6)

A
  1. Produces skeletal movement
  2. Maintain body position
  3. Supports soft tissues
  4. Guard openings (mouth, eyes)
  5. Maintain Body Temp (ATP powers contraction but energy escapes as heat.)
  6. Stores nutrients reserves- glycogen
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12
Q

3 Layers of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Epimysium
  2. Perimysium
  3. Endomysium
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13
Q

Epimysium

A
  1. Separates muscle from surrounding tissue
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14
Q

Perimysium

A
  1. Surrounds muscle fiber bundles (fascicles)
  2. Contains blood vessels and nerve supply to fascicles
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15
Q

Endomysium

A
  1. Surrounds individual muscle cells (muscle fibers)
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16
Q

Organization of Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Epimysium, Endomysium, and Endomysium come together at the end of a muscle and connects to bone (tendons)
17
Q

Skeletal Muscle Fibers

A
  1. Very Long
  2. Develop through fusion of embryonic cells (myoblasts)
  3. Become very large
  4. Contain hundreds of nuclei
18
Q

“Myo”

A

Associated with Muscle

19
Q

“Sarco”

20
Q

Sarcoplasm

21
Q

Sarcolemma

A

Plasma Membrane

22
Q

Transverse Tubule

A

Invagination of sarcolemma

23
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Specialized ER that stores and releases calcium, surrounded by myofibrils

24
Q

Terminal Cisterna

A

Enlarged sacs of SR near transverse tubules

25
Q

Myofibrils

A
  1. 1000 in one muscle fiber
  2. Bundles of protien microfilaments
  3. Structural and functional unit: Sarcomere
  4. Types of protien
    1. Contractile: Actin/Myosin
    2. Regulatory: Troponin/Tropomyosin
26
Q

Sarcomere

A
  1. Contractile units of muscle
  2. Structural units of myofibrils
  3. Form visible patterns within myofibrils
  4. Actin-Thin filament (light)
  5. Myosin- Thick Filament (dark)
27
Q

Sliding Filament Theory

A
  1. Actin and myosin filaments within a sarcomere connect and slide past each other to produce muscular tension and movement.
  2. Actin and Myosin do not change length they just overlap more.
  3. The muscle itself shortens or contracts
28
Q

Neuromuscular junction

A
  1. Association site of axon terminal of the motor neuron and sarcolemma of a muscle
29
Q

Neurotransmitter

A
  1. Chemical release of nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse in the axon terminal.
  2. Acetylcholine (ACh) is the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle.
30
Q

Synaptic Cleft

A
  1. Gap between nerve and muscle
  2. Nerve and muscle do not make actual contact
31
Q

Twitch

A
  1. Contraction and relaxation of a muscle fiber
32
Q

The all-or-none principle

A
  1. As a whole, a muscle fiber is either contracted or relaxed, however the tension can differ.
33
Q

Tension of a single muscle fiber

A

Depends on…
1. Number of pivoting cross bridges.
2. The fibers resting length at the time of stimulation.
3. The frequency of stimulation.

34
Q

Incomplete Tetanus

A
  1. Twitches reach maximum tension
  2. If rapid stimulation continues and muscle is not allowed to relax, twitches reach maximum level of tension.
35
Q

Complete Tetanus

A

If stimulation frequency is high enough, muscles never begin to relax, and is in continuous contraction.

36
Q

Muscle Fatigue

A
  1. When muscles can no longer perform required activity
37
Q

Causes of muscle fatigue

A
  1. Depletion of energy (ATP)
  2. Damage to sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum.
  3. Low pH (Lactic acid)
  4. Pain/Psychological

Anatomy (3 decks)

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