Chapter 6: Memory Flashcards
Memory
Persistence of learning over time through storage and retrieval of information
3 R’s of functioning memory
Recall, Recognition, & Releasing
Recall
“Fill in the Blank” Retrieving Info
Recognition
“Multiple Choice” Identify stimuli that matches stored info
Relearning
Measure of the effort it takes to relearn info you studied before
How does memory work?
Encoding, Storage, & Retrieval
Encoding
Info changes to a way it can be stored
Storage
Info is held in a way that allows it to be later retrieval
Retrieval
Reactivating and recalling info
Memory Step 1
Sensory Register (Memory)
Memory Step 1.5
Attention
Memory Step 2
Short Term Memory (STM)
Memory Step 2.5
Encoding
Memory Step 3
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Memory Step -2.5
Retrieval
Sensory Register (Memory)
Large Capacity, Filters select details to sent to STM
Attention
Gateway to STM, Selects incoming information for further processing
Inattentional Blindness
Forgetting stimuli that’s right in from of us
Short Term (STM)
Working Memory
Auditory Rehearsal
Repeating a password to remember it
Executive Functions
Choosing want to attend to respond to
Visospatial “Sketchpad”
Rearranging room furniture in your mind
Latent Learning
Cognitive Map
Chunking
Organizing data into manageable units
We can remember
7 +/- 2
Memory decays
after 12 seconds
Serial Positioning Effect
We tend to recall the first and last items on a list
Scheme
A set of beliefs or expectations about something based on past experiences
Long Term Memory (LTM)
Store vast amount of info that can stay permanently
Memory may be stored
by look or sound but mostly by meaning
Rote Rehearsal
Repetition
Elaborative Rehearsal
Connecting to what we already know
2 types of LTM
Explicit and Implicit
Explicit (Declarative)
Episodic and Semantic
Episodic
Experienced Events
Semantic
Knowledge and Concepts
Implicit (Non-declarative)
Procedural and Emotional Conditioning
Procedural
Skills and Actions
Explicit Memories
Facts and Experiences we consciously know (Effortful Processing)
Implicit Memories
We are not fully aware of them (Automatic Processing)
Memory is a
Reconstructive Process
Memories are altered
Every time we recall them
Altered again when we
reconsolidate the memory
The Misinformation Effect
Ways you ask questions can skew someones memory
Priming
Retrieval is affected by the activation of our association
Primary triggers
A thread of association “Invisible memory”
We Interpret our surrounding from
our unconscious memories
Procedural Memory
Conditioned associations - LTM
Imagination Inflation
Picturing an event can make it seem like a real memory
Iatrogenic
Disease is caused by the treatment itself
Storage
Changes in how nerves link to each other and creates neural networks
Retrieval & use of explicit memory
Working memory or executive function
Explicit Memory Processing is
Directed by the frontal lobes
Encoding and storage of memory is facilitated by
Hippocampus
What consolidates memory?
Hippocampus
Cerebellum forms and stores
our Conditioned Responses
Basal Ganglia
Controls movement, forms & stores memory “Muscle Memory”
Memory Decay
Memory is never used, recalled, or restored
Memory is not stored as a file but as
Web of associations
Tip of the tongue
Retrieval failure
Prevent Memory Loss
Multiple associations, Many retrieval cues, Context
State dependent memory
Memories tied to emotional state that can trigger different memories
Interleaving
Moving between bits of information
Metacognition
Thinking of our own thinking
