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Psych 111 > Chapter 6 - Learning & Conditioning > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Learning & Conditioning Flashcards

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0
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

Aka respondent conditioning, pavlovian conditioning

A subject responds to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the two

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1
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

1st to describe classical conditioning

Studied dogs

Result: dogs ended up associating noise (a neutral stimulus) with food (nonneutral stimulus)

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2
Q

Unconditioned Response

A

Response that occurs naturally

Ex. Pavlov’s dogs: drooling (salivation) (for the food)

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3
Q

Unconditioned Stimulus

A

Stimulus that naturally evokes an unconditioned response

Naturally linked

Ex. Pavlov’s dogs: food was unconditioned stimulus

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4
Q

Conditioned Stimulus

A

The stimulus that is learned to be associated with the unconditioned stimulus

Ex. Pavlov’s dogs: the tone or noise (the conditioned stimulus) was associated with the food

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5
Q

Conditioned Response

A

Usually the same as or similar to the unconditioned response.

It is the response to the conditioned stimulus

Ex: Pavlov’s dogs: the salivation (conditioned response) at the noise bc it was associated with food

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6
Q

Acquisition of Conditioned Responses

A

Subjects acquire a conditioned response when a conditioned stimulus is paired with and unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned stimulus + unconditioned stimulus –> conditioned response

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7
Q

When does conditioning work best?

A

If the conditioned stimulus appears right before the unconditioned stimulus & both stimuli end at the same time

Ex. The revolver before firing and bang

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8
Q

Extinction (classical conditioning)

A

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response.

Happens when the conditioned stimulus appears repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Ex. The revolver is pulled out but is not shot. This is done repeatedly until adam stops cringing

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9
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A

The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus returns after a period of absence

Ex. If the revolver is brought back randomly, adam will cringe even though less than before

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10
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to a new stimulus as if it were the original conditioned stimulus.

Happens most often when the new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus

Ex. adam cringes when professor pulls out cell phone instead of revolver

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11
Q

Stimulus Discrimination

A

The tendency to lack a conditioned response to a new stimulus that resembles the original conditioned stimulus

Ex. Adam conditioned with grey revolver. Cringes at brown revolver at first, but since the brown revolver is never shot he will begin to only cringe at the grey revolver

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12
Q

Higher-Order Conditioning

A

The process by which a neutral stimulus comes to act as a conditioned stimulus by being paired with another stimulus that already evokes a conditioned response.

Ex. Yelling fire and pulling out revolver, adam cringes, eventually adam will cringe even when professor yells fire and does not pull out the revolver

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13
Q

Phobia

A

An intense irrational fear that impairs a persons ability to function normally or participate in normal activities.

Phobias could be due to conditioning –> little albert and the rats and white furry objects

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14
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Proposed law of effect

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15
Q

Law of Effect

A

States that any behavior that has good consequences will tend to be repeated, and any behavior that has bad consequences will tend to be avoided.

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16
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

Extended idea of law of effect & began to study Operant conditioning

Used skinner box to study operant conditioning

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17
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

A type of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences

Operant responses are often new responses

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18
Q

Skinner Box

A

A cage set up so that an animal can automatically get food reward if it makes a particular kind of response

Also contains an instrument that records the number of responses an animal makes

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19
Q

Reinforcement

A

(Operant conditioning)

The delivery of a consequence that increases the likelihood that a response will occur

Could be positive or negative

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20
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

(Operant Conditioning)
The presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

Positive does not mean good it means the adding of a stimulus

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21
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

The removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur more often

Negative does not mean bad it means the removal of stimulus

22
Q

Punishment

A

The delivery of a consequence that decreases the likelihood that a response will occur

Can be positive or negative

23
Q

Positive Punishment

A

The presentation of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often

Positive does not mean good it means the adding of stimulus

24
Q

Negative Punishment

A

The removal of a stimulus after a response so that the response will occur less often

Negative does not mean bad it means the removal of a stimulus

25
Q

Primary Reinforcers

A

Naturally satisfying

Ex. Food, water, and touch/caresses

26
Q

Primary Punishers

A

Naturally unpleasant

Ex. Pain, freezing temperatures

27
Q

Secondary Reinforcers

A

Satisfying because they have become associated with primary reinforcers

Ex. Money, fast cars, good grades

Aka Conditioned Reinforcer bc it arose through classical conditioning

28
Q

Secondary Punishers

A

Unpleasant because they’ve become associated with primary punishers

Ex. Bad grades, social disapproval

Aka Conditioned Punishers because they arose through classical conditioning

29
Q

Shaping

A

Procedure in which reinforcement is used to guide a response closer and closer to a desired response

Ex. Teaching dog to bring tv remote, places remote in mouth, first praise when he accidentally walks towards her with remote in mouth, he does that more often, then praise only when remote is brought closer to chair, he responds to praise and does more often etc until he brings remote to chair successfully

30
Q

Reinforcement Schedules

A

Pattern in which reinforcement is given over time.

Continuous or Intermittent

31
Q

Continuous Reinforcement

A

Someone provides reinforcement every time a particular response occurs

Ex. Dog pushes remote under chair, girl finds amusing so she pats him every time he does it. She is providing continuous reinforcement for his behavior

32
Q

Intermittent (Partial) Reinforcement

A

Someone provides reinforcement on only some of the occasions on which the response occurs

4 types of intermittent reinforcement schedules

33
Q

4 Types of Intermittent Reinforcement Schedules

A
  1. Fixed-ratio sched
  2. Variable-ratio sched
  3. Fixed-interval sched
  4. Variable-interval sched
34
Q

Fixed-Ratio Schedule

intermittent reinforcement

A

Reinforcement happens after a set number of responses

Ex. When a car salesman earns a bonus after every 3 cars he sells

35
Q

Variable-Ratio Schedule

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement happens after a particular average number of responses

Ex. A person trying to win a game by getting heads every two times on average that she tosses a penny

36
Q

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement happens after a set amount of time

Ex. When an attorney at a law firm gets a bonus once a year

37
Q

Variable-Interval Schedule

Intermittent Reinforcement

A

Reinforcement happens after a particular average amount of time

Ex. a boss checking up on workers periodically, sometimes once a day sometimes more. The workers know that they are being checked up on at a variable (changing) time so they behave

38
Q

Partial Reinforcement Effect

A

Resistance to extinction due to partial or intermittent schedules - they result in responses that resist extinction better than responses resulting from continuous reinforcement

39
Q

Response Rates (Ratio vs Interval Schedules)

A

Response rate is faster in ratio schedules than interval schedules

Ratio schedules depend on the number of responses, so the faster the subject responds, the more quickly reinforcement happens

40
Q

Scalloped Response Pattern

A

Result from fixed-interval schedule

Responses are slow in the beginning of the interval and faster just before reinforcement happens

If people know when reinforcement will occur, they will respond more at that time and less at other times

41
Q

Response Rates (variable sched vs fixed sched)

A

Variable schedules result in steadier response rates than fixed schedules bc reinforcement is less predictable.

Responses to variable schedules also cannot be extinguished easily

42
Q

Extinction (Operant Conditioning)

A

The gradual disappearance of response when it stops being reinforced

43
Q

Discriminative Stimulus (Operant conditioning)

A

A cue that indicates the kind of consequence that’s likely to occur after a response

Ex. If dog only puts remote under couch during daylight and not night when girl is tired, daylight = discriminative stimulus

44
Q

Stimulus Discrimination (Operant conditioning)

A

The tendency for a response to happen only when a particular stimulus is present

45
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The tendency to respond to new stimulus as if it is the original discriminative stimulus

Ex. If the dog began to put the remote under the chair not only during the day but also whenever there was a bright light on at night

46
Q

Biological Influences

A

Can limit capacity for conditioning

Ex. Taste aversion & instinctive drift

47
Q

Taste Aversion

A

Aversion to a particular taste is conditioned only by pairing the taste (a conditioned stimulus) with nausea (an unconditioned stimulus)

If taste is paired with other stimuli, conditioning doesn’t occur

ex. If joe eats pepperoni pizza while watching a movie with his roommate and becomes nauseated later, he may develop an aversion to pepperoni pizza but not to the movie or his roommate

48
Q

Evolutionary Adaption

A

Taste & nausea = special case

Researchers believe that by learning to quickly associate taste and nausea it could be an evolutionary adaptation telling people which foods to stay away from to survive

49
Q

Instinctive Drift

A

The tendency for conditioning to be hindered by natural instincts

Ex. Raccoons: conditioned to put a coin in the box by using food as reinforcer. Could not teach them to put two coins in the box because when given two coins the raccoons just held onto the coins and instinctively rubbed them together bc they have a tendency to rub edible things together to make sure they are clean

50
Q

Cognitive Influences

A

Conditioning does involve some information processing not just automatic

Robert Rescorla

Classical conditioning depends on the predictive power of the conditioned stimulus rather than just the association of two stimuli meaning that some info processing happens

Ex. If professor sometimes took out revolver before firing it and sometimes played gunshot sound without taking out revolver adam wouldn’t respond as strongly to the sight of the revolver bc gunshots happened with or without it

51
Q

Observational Learning

A

Process of learning to respond in a particular way by watching others (called models)

Aka vicarious conditioning

Ex. Brian might learn to not stand too close to a soccer goal bc he saw another fan get hit in the head with a ball and stand farther away. Operant conditioning occurred on the other fan, getting hit by the ball acted as positive punishment for standing too close. Brian was indirectly, or vicariously conditioned to move away.

52
Q

Albert Bandura & Bobo Dolls

A

Albert had kindergarteners watch a film of adults violently attacking an inflatable doll shaped like bobo the clown. Afterwards when the kids were let into a room with the dolls they did the same. Showing observational learning

Psych 111 (4 decks)

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