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Psych 111 > Chapter 5 - States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - States Of Consciousness Flashcards

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0
Q

Brain Waves

A

Tracings of electrical activity that is going on in the brain

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1
Q

Consciousness

A

The awareness we have of ourselves & our environment

Different states associated with different brain wave patterns

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2
Q

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

A

Used to record brainwaves

Monitors electrical activity through electrodes placed on scalp

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3
Q

4 Types of Brain Waves

A

Alpha
Beta
Theta
Delta

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4
Q

Alpha Brain Waves

A

Very relaxed, meditating

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5
Q

Beta Brain Waves

A

Awake & Alert

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6
Q

Theta Brain Waves

A

Lightly Asleep

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7
Q

Delta Brain Waves

A

Deeply asleep

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8
Q

Biological Rhythms

A

Regular periodic changes in a body’s functioning

Effects sleep

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9
Q

3 Types of Biological Rhythms

A

Circadian
Infradian
Ultradian

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10
Q

Circadian Rhythms

A

Biological cycles that occur about every 24hrs

Sleep follows a circadian rhythm

Ex. Hormone secretion, blood pressure, body temperature, and urine production

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11
Q

Infradian Rhythms

A

Biological cycles that take longer than 24hrs

Ex. Women’s menstrual cycle

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12
Q

Ultradian Rhythms

A

Biological cycles that occur more than once a day (over 24hrs)

Sleep follows an ultradian cycle of about 90min (as well as circadian)

Ex. Alertness, hormone levels

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13
Q

Endogenous (Biological Rhythms)

A

Rhythms that originate from inside the body rather than depend on outside cues.

(In contrast some biological rhythms usually synchronize with environmental events such as change in daylight)

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14
Q

Biological Clocks

A

Endogenous rhythms exist bc the body has biological clocks that keep time

Bio clocks can be adjusted by environmental cues such as change in temperature

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15
Q

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

A

The main biological clock in humans that regulates circadian rhythms of sleep.

Lies in the hypothalamus

Light stimulates receptors in retina of eye -> receptors send signals to SCN -> SCN signals pineal gland which secretes melatonin (hormone regulating sleep cycle)

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16
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Secretes melatonin

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17
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone that regulates sleep cycle

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18
Q

Jet Lag

A

Fatigue and disorientation air travelers feel after a long flight

Experienced when the events in their environment are out of sync with their bio clocks

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19
Q

Function of Sleep (3 theories)

A
  1. People conserve energy by sleeping periodically
  2. Sleep has a protective function, it keeps people tucked away at night away from predators
  3. Sleep restores body tissues that are depleted during daily activities
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20
Q

Electromyographs (EMGs)

A

Aid in research of sleep

Record muscle activity

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21
Q

Electrooculographs (EOGs)

A

Aid in research of sleep

Record eye movements

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22
Q

Electrocardiographs (EKGs)

A

Aid in research of sleep

Record heart activity

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23
Q

Sleep Stages

A

In one night’s sleep, people pass through several cycles of sleep, each lasting 90-100min

5Stages

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24
Q

5 Sleep Stages

A 
1
2
3
4
REM
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25
Q

Stage 1 (of sleep cycle)

A

When people fall asleep they enter into stage 1

Lasts only a few min
Theta Waves
Heart, breathing rates and body temp drop, muscles relax
Fantasies or bizarre images may float around in mind

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26
Q

Stage 2 (of sleep cycle)

A

Lasts about 20min

Short bursts of brain waves (sleep spindles)

27
Q

Sleep Spindles

A

Short bursts of brainwaves

Seen in sleep cycle stage 2

28
Q

Slow-wave Sleep

A

Stages 3&4 (of sleep cycle)

Lasts about 30min (both stages together)

Delta Waves
Slow breathing, pulse rates, limp muscles, difficult to rouse

29
Q

Sleepwalking

A

Become physically active during stage 4

Usually remember nothing when they awake

30
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement sleep

Stage of deep sleep in which, paradoxically, brain wave activity resembles that of an alert person

Aka paradoxical sleep

Pulse rate, breathing become irregular, eyes move rapidly under closed lids & muscles remain relaxed. Genitals aroused

Beta waves

Dreams are most vivid

31
Q

Sleep Deprivation

A

Different per person

Negative effects on health, productivity, mood, cognitive&physical preformance

3types

32
Q

3 types of sleep deprivation

A

Short term
Long term
Partial

33
Q

Short Term (sleep deprivation)

A

Up to 45hrs without

34
Q

Long term (sleep deprivation)

A

More than 45hrs without

35
Q

Partial (sleep deprivation)

A

No more than 5hrs per night for more than 1 day

36
Q

Aging & Sleep

A

Sleep less as you age

Proportion of REM sleep also decreases

37
Q

Insomnia

A

Sleep disorder

Chronic problem with falling asleep &/or staying asleep

38
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep disorder

Tendency to fall asleep periodically during the day against will

39
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Stop breathing while sleeping

Common in ppl 50+ and obese

40
Q

Freud’s Dream Theory

A

Dreams allow ppl to express unconscious wishes they find unacceptable in real life

Manifest content vs latent content of dreams

The plot acts as a disguise that masks the real meaning of the dream

Cigar= penis
Tunnel/cave= vagina
41
Q

Manifest Content (freuds dream theory)

A

The plot of the dream
(Who’s in the dream, what happens etc)

The symbolic representation of the latent content

42
Q

Latent Content (freuds dream theory)

A

The dream’s hidden meaning.

43
Q

Activation- Synthesis Theory

A

Proposes that neurons in the brain randomly activate during REM sleep

Dreams arise when the cortex of the brain tries to make meaning out of these random neural impulses

Dreams are basically brain sparks

Need brain activity for cognitive thought

44
Q

Lucid Dreams

A

People are aware that they are dreaming and may be able to control their actions to some extent within the dream

45
Q

Altered States

A

Some states of consciousness don’t occur naturally & must be induced

Ex. Hypnotic states, meditative states, drug induced states

46
Q

Hypnosis

A

Procedure that opens people to the power of suggestion

Hypnotist encourages relaxation & sleepiness

47
Q

Posthypnotic Amnesia

A

When hypnotized people are instructed to forget what happened during hypnosis, they later claim to have no memory of it

48
Q

Ernest Hilgard

A

Proposed that hypnosis causes people to dissociate or divide their consciousness into two parts
One part responds to outside world the other part observes but does not participate

49
Q

Theodore Barber & Nicholas Spanos

A

Think people simply behave as they think they are expected to

50
Q

Meditation

A

The practice of focusing attention
People meditate to gain more control over physical & mental processes

Increase in alpha & theta brain waves
Slowed pulse & breathing

51
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Have psychological effects : change sensory experience, perception, mood, thinking, & behavior
Can be recreational

52
Q

Types of Recreational (psychoactive) Drugs

A 
Stimulants
Sedatives (Depressants) 
Narcotics
Hallucinogens 
(Cannabis could be considered 5th type)
53
Q

Stimulants

A

Increased alertness, energy, excitation, euphoria, confidence

Anxiety, restlessness, irritability, sleeplessness, paranoia, increased aggressiveness, feelings of panic

Ex. Nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, crystal meth

54
Q

Sedatives (Depressants)

A

Euphoria, relaxation, less anxiety

Impaired coordination, depression, lethargy, drowsiness, mood swings

Ex. Alcohol, valium, xanax, barbiturates (seconal)

55
Q

Narcotics

A

Euphoria, relaxation, less anxiety, less sensitivity to pain

Lethargy, drowsiness, nausea, impaired coordinated, constipation

Ex. Morphine, heroin, opium, codeine, hydrocodone (vicodin)

56
Q

Hallucinogens

A

Euphoria, changed perception, hallucinations, insightful moments

Nausea, paranoia, anxiety, feelings of panic, mood swings, impaired judgment, jumbled thoughts

Ex. LSD mescaline, psilocybin(shrooms)

57
Q

Cannabis

A

Euphoria, relaxation, increased awareness, changed perception

Sluggishness, anxiety, impaired memory

Marijuana, hashish

58
Q

How do psychoactive drugs work?

A

Work by affecting neurotransmitter function. Drugs can:

  • cause more/less of a neurotransmitter to be released at synapses
  • block reuptake of a neurotransmitter
  • stimulate or block neurotransmitter receptors
59
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory or perceptual experiences that happen without external stimulus. Drugs fool the brain into seeing things or hearing things

60
Q

Chronic Use of Psychoactive Drugs

A

Develop Tolerance

Go through Withdrawal

61
Q

Tolerance

A

As time goes by need more of the drug to get the same effect

62
Q

Withdrawal

A

When people stop using a drug after a long period of regular use

63
Q

Physical Dependence

A

When a person must take a drug to avoid withdrawal

64
Q

Psychological Dependence

A

When a person keeps taking the drug bc of cravings

Psych 111 (4 decks)

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