Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

Adapting to stimuli that do not change. Respond less strongly over time to repeated stimuli

Question 2

Sensitization

Answer 2

Responding more strongly over time

Question 3

Classical (Pavlovian) Conditioning

Answer 3

The repeated pairing of a neutral stimulus with another unconditioned stimulus that already triggers an unlearned response (reflex)

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 4

Causes a response without conditioning

Question 5

Unconditioned Response

Answer 5

An automatic reflex or response

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

Neutral stimulus that causes a response only after learning

Question 7

Conditioned Response

Answer 7

A response that has been learned

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

Learning phase during which a conditioned response is established

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

Gradual reduction and eventual elimination of the conditioned response after the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 10

Sudden emergence of an extinct conditioned response after a delay in exposure to the conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Renewal Effect

Answer 11

Sudden reemergence of a conditioned response following extinction when an animal is retired to the environment in which the conditioned response was acquired

Question 12

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 12

Process by which conditioned stimuli similar, but not identical, to the original conditioned stimulus elicit a conditioned response

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

Process by which organisms display a less pronounced conditioned response to conditioned stimuli that differ from the original conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Higher-order conditioning

Answer 14

Developing a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus by virtue of its association with another stimulus

Question 15

Latent inhibition

Answer 15

Difficulty in establishing classical conditioning to a conditioned stimulus we’ve repeatedly experienced alone, that is, without the unconditioned stimulus

Question 16

Law of Effect

Answer 16

If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, leads to satisfying effects, the association between the stimulus and the response is strengthen

Question 17

Operant conditioning

Answer 17

Form of learning in which responses come to be controlled by their consequences.
Organism “operates” on the environment

Question 18

Skinnier box

Answer 18

Small animal chamber constructed by Skinnier to allow sustained periods of conditioning to be administered and behaviors to be recorder unsupervised

Question 19

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 19

Presentation of s stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Question 20

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 20

Removal of a stimulus that strengthens the probability of the behavior

Question 21

Reinforcement

Answer 21

INCREASES the strength of the preceding behavior

Question 22

Punishment

Answer 22

DECREASES the strength of the preceding behavior

Question 23

Negative Punishment

Answer 23

Removes positive effect.

Response is less likely to repeat

Question 24

Positive Punishment

Answer 24

Presents negative effect.

Response is less likely to repeat.

Question 25

Is reinforcement based on the number of responses made, or time?

Answer 25

Number of responses-> Ratio

Time-> interval

Question 26

Are reinforcements being given on a regular/consistent basis, or an irregular/inconsistent basis?

Answer 26

Regularly-> Fixed

Irregularly-> variable

Question 27

Fixed Ratio

Answer 27

After a given # of responses

Question 28

Variable Ratio

Answer 28

After a given # of responses, on average

Question 29

Fixed Interval

Answer 29

After a specific amount of time

Question 30

Variable Interval

Answer 30

After an average time interval

Question 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 31

Reinforce a behavior every time it occurs

Question 32

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 32

Reinforce a behavior only some of the time

Question 33

Shaping

Answer 33

Conditioning a target behavior by progressively reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the target

Question 34

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 34

Item or outcome that naturally increases the target behavior

Question 35

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 35

Neutral object that gets associated with primary

Question 36

Latent Learning

Answer 36

Learning that is not directly observable

Question 37

Observational Learning

Answer 37

Learning by watching others

Question 38

Mirror Neurons

Answer 38

Cells in the prefrontal cortex that becomes activated when an animal observed a specific motor action and also when the animal performs the action