Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards
______ allows for
beneficial changes in
behaviour
Learning
______:
reading, listening,
and taking tests to
acquire new
knowledge
Cognitive learning
________:
pairing of stimuli
Associative learning
_______:
learning that occurs
when a neutral stimulus
elicits a response that
was originally caused by
another stimulus
Classical conditioning
who accidentally discovered classical conditioning?
ivan pavlov
(pavlov’s response!)
how does classical conditioning work in the brain?
when two sensory neurons are constantly firing together, there’s a strengthening in the synapse pathway… leading to associated (classically conditioned) responses!
Association depends on
______, temporally
contiguous pairings in classical conditioning
repeated
________: response
that originally occurs to a
specific stimulus also
occurs to similar stimuli
Generalization
respond to a wide range of stimuli!
________: learning
to respond to one original
stimulus but not to a
new, but similar stimuli
Discrimination
Generalization and discrimination allow
organisms to make ______ changes, thereby
enhancing survival and fitness
adaptive
_______: the biological predisposition to rapidly
learn a response to a particular class of stimuli
Preparedness
_____: The acquired dislike of a food or drink because it
was paired with illness, often learned in one trial
occurs even though illness is often delayed from when food was ingested
conditioned taste aversions
T/F: New foods are more
prone to conditioned
taste aversion
true! less learned experience available
______: form of classical conditioning in which a stimulus that was previously neutral becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) through its association with an already established conditioned stimulus (CS)
Higher-Order Classical Conditioning
the dog has learned to associate the light with food, even though the light has never been directly associated with the food itself… can create chains!
______: emotional responses
that are associated with a specific object or situation
Conditioned emotional responses
what was the “Little Albert and Phobias” experiment trying to prove/cause?
Conditioned emotional responses
______: when one
stimulus takes on the emotional ‘valence’ of another stimuli
Evaluative conditioning
what’s an example of evaluative conditioning?
celebrity advertisements
‘Attack ads’ use ______ to elicit
unpleasant emotional
responses in the viewers
while presenting images of
political opponents
evaluative conditioning
brings up negative emotions using unpleasant pictures, gives a conditioned negative response
______: learning in which behaviour is determined by consequences
Operant conditioning
in classical conditioning, the target response is…
automatic
in operant conditioning, the target response is…
voluntary
_______: Responses
followed by satisfaction will
occur again; those not
followed by satisfaction will
become less likely
Law of effect
who came up with the law of effect?
edward thorndike
how did Edward Thorndike prove his “law of effect”?
put a cat in a box with a string… when the string is pulled, the door of the box opens and the cat gets food… this response that gives satisfaction to the cat is bound to keep happening again and again… since the cat wants more food!
who coined ‘operant conditioning’?
B. F. Skinner
what did B. F. Skinner use to coin operant conditioning?
he used operant boxes (Skinner boxes!)
chamber where you can control animal behaviour
_____-: when a situation (i.e., reinforcer) causes a
behaviour to becomes more likely
Reinforcement
______: when a situation (i.e., punisher) causes a
behaviour to become less likely
Punishment
what is a primary reinforcer? an example?
stimuli that satisfy basic motivational needs
ex: food!
