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PSYCH 1200 > Chapter 5: Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

________: a person’s subjective awareness, including
thoughts, perceptions, experiences of the world, and self-awareness

A

Consciousness

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2
Q

what is the “hard problem of consciousness”?

A

the problem in explaining why we have subjective experiences… why do we have individual, unique thought?

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3
Q

______: biological
rhythms with a ~24 hour periodicity

A

Circadian rhythms

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4
Q

what are the two ways we stay on a schedule?

A

entrainment
endogenous rhythms

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5
Q

_____: synchronization
between biological rhythms and external cues (zeitgebers)

A

Entrainment

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6
Q

what are some different things that can adjust our sleep rhythms?

A

light, temperature, clocks

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7
Q

what is our main cue for sleep?

A

light

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8
Q

explain light entrainment:

A
  1. Slowly changing levels of
    background illumination detected by specialized ganglion cells of the retina
  2. Light signals communicated to brain via the optic nerve to the optic chiasm
  3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) situated above optic chiasm receives light information
  4. SCN innervates pineal gland to stimulate release of melatonin
  5. Melatonin accumulates with darkness and onset of sleep
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9
Q

what is the internal clock of the brain?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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10
Q

how does our technology influence sleep?

A

pushes light into our eyes, keeps arousal high, delays sleep, no melatonin increase because there’s no darkness

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11
Q

_______: ‘free running’ biological rhythms
generated by our body that are independent of zeitgebers

A

Endogenous rhythms

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12
Q

T/F: even without entrainment, we have internal schedules (24-25 hours)

A

true! endogenous rhythms!

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13
Q

we have Genetic feedback loops that help us stay on schedule… how do they work?

A

we have a buildup of X proteins that shuts off something that causes alertness

we have biological and genetic self-regulation to help us!!

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14
Q

what are the two hypothesis about why we sleep?

A

restore and repair hypothesis
preserve and protect hypothesis

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15
Q

_________:
sleep restores energy levels
and allows for repairs on the
body from the day’s activities

A

Restore and repair hypothesis

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16
Q

________: sleep preserves
energy and protects the
individual organism from harm

A

Preserve and protect
hypothesis
Sleep differences between
predator and prey species

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17
Q

what are the stages of sleep?

A

Stage 1: Breathing, heart
rate, blood pressure
decrease

Stage 2: Become less
responsive to external
stimuli; sporadic brain
activity

Stage 3-4: Brain activity
slows; difficult to wake

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18
Q

Beta waves:

A

awake

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19
Q

Alpha waves:

A

drowsy state;
loss of attention

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20
Q

how do we measure brain waves with stages of sleep?

A

use EEG

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21
Q

_____: stage of sleep
characterized by quickening
brain waves, deep relaxation,
inhibited body movement,
and rapid eye movements

A

REM sleep

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22
Q

________ is another term for REM sleep. It’s called “paradoxical” because, although the body is deeply relaxed and effectively immobilized (a protective mechanism to prevent acting out dreams), the brain is highly active, exhibiting brain wave patterns similar to when you’re awake.

A

Paradoxical sleep

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23
Q

whats a REM rebound?

A

the phenomenon where a person experiences an increase in REM sleep after being deprived of it for a period of time. If someone is sleep-deprived or has interrupted REM sleep (for example, due to sleep disorders, alcohol consumption, or medication), they may enter REM sleep more quickly and for longer durations when they finally do sleep

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24
Q

T/F: There is no ‘magic
number’ for sleep

A

true

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25
Q

T/F: Amount of sleep
needed varies
between
individuals
according to age
and genetics

A

true

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26
Q

T/F: Sleep is
developmentally
important

A

true

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27
Q

_____ facilitates learning, especially for
complex tasks, we need its late stages to learn!

A

REM

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28
Q

T/F: same areas of brain re-activate in REM when we’ve learned something new that day!

A

true

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29
Q

_______ (i.e., stages 3 and 4) particularly
important for the learning of autobiographical memories

A

Slow-wave sleep

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30
Q

_____: Fast-forward playback in which pattern
of neural activity that occurred while awake is
repeated during sleep

A

Neural replay

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31
Q

More readily falls asleep
Irritability/emotional deficits
Attention/vigilance deficits Normal energy as long as
one is occupied; malaise
sets in upon sitting down or
resting
Reading/studying next to
impossible
After 2-3 days microsleeps
begin to occur

these are all the signs of ___________

A

sleep deprivation

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32
Q

what are the three costs of sleep deprivation?

A

cognitive and emotional deficits
increased risk of vehicular accidents
increased number of preventable medical errors

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33
Q

_______:
when an individual is
prevented from sleeping
at the normal time
§ Jet lag
§ Daylight savings time

A

Sleep displacement

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34
Q

T/F: Practicing good
sleep hygiene
trains your
brain and body
to sleep more
readily

A

true

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35
Q

______: Published The
Interpretation of Dreams (1900)

A

Sigmund Freud

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36
Q

what did Sigmund Freud argue with his “Interpretation of Dreams”?

A

Argued dreams are
unconscious expressions of
wish fulfillment

“free” us from societal restraint, when we normally have to suppress our urges

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37
Q

______: the images
and storylines that we dream
about

A

Manifest content
part of psychoanalytical approach

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38
Q

______: the actual
symbolic meaning of a dream
built on suppressed sexual or
aggressive urges

A

Latent content
part of psychoanalytical approach

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39
Q

_______: suggests that
dreams arise from brain
activity originating from
bursts of excitatory
messages arising from
the brainstem

A

Activation–synthesis
hypothesis
(modern theories of dreaming)

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40
Q

T/F: our brainstem becomes active randomly, dreams are just rest of our brain trying to interpret random messages

A

true

41
Q

______: thoughts and concerns are
continuous from waking to sleeping, and that dreams
may function to facilitate finding solutions to problems
encountered while awake

A

Problem-solving theory
modern theory of dreaming

42
Q

what affects the memorability of our dreams?

A

presence of stress hormones (norepinephrine and cortisol)

43
Q

when we sleep lighter, its because bursts of stress hormones are present, do we have more or less memorability of our dreams?

A

more memories formed overnight

44
Q

______: difficulty falling
asleep

A

Onset insomnia

45
Q

_______: difficulty
returning to sleep

A

Maintenance insomnia

46
Q

______: waking
too early

A

Terminal insomnia

47
Q

insomnias can be further classified as…

A

Primary insomnia: due to
internal source (e.g., worrying)

Secondary insomnias: result
of other disorders

48
Q

_______: particularly vivid
and disturbing dreams that
occur during REM sleep
§ Occur during REM sleep

A

Nightmares

49
Q

______: intense bouts of panic and arousal that awaken
the individual, typically in a
heightened emotional state
§ Occur during NREM sleep

A

Night terrors

50
Q

T/F: both nightmares and night terrors increase due to stress

A

true

51
Q

_______:
persistent discomfort in the legs and the urge to continuously shift
them into different positions

A

Restless legs syndrome

52
Q

________: act out
dreams due to failure to inhibit motor signals

A

REM behaviour disorder

53
Q

_______ (sleepwalking): a
disorder that involves wandering
and performing other activities
while asleep

A

Somnambulism

just brain running familiar motor code (NOT dangerous to wake someone up)

54
Q

what are the three examples of movement disturbances

A

restless legs syndrome
REM behaviours disorder
somnambulism

55
Q

_________: temporary
inability to breathe during
sleep as airway becomes
obstructed
§ Obesity
§ Damage to medulla

A

Sleep apnea

56
Q

_______: extreme daytime sleepiness and
even sleep attacks
§ Few seconds to few minutes
§ Immediately into REM sleep

A

Narcolepsy

57
Q

______: a procedure of inducing a
heightened state of suggestibility

A

Hypnosis

58
Q

T/F: hypnosis is not a distinct state of consciousness

A

true

59
Q

what are the three hypnotic suggestions?

A

Ideomotor: actions to be
performed

Challenge: actions not to be
performed

Cognitive-perceptual: prompt
remembering/forgetting or
altered perceptions

60
Q

________: explains
hypnosis as a unique state in
which consciousness is
divided
§ Driving on “autopilot”

A

Dissociation theory

61
Q

_________:
emphasizes the degree to
which beliefs and expectations
contribute to increased
suggestibility
§ Conform to expectations

A

Social-cognitive theory

62
Q

what are the two theories of hypnosis

A

dissociation
social-cognitive

63
Q

what is the “suggestion” when people dissociate while driving?

A

the road is the suggestion, we follow them even in an associated state!

64
Q

T/F: hypnosis Cannot be used as evidence in courts

A

true

leads to recovery of false memories

65
Q

what is the main (reliable) application of hypnosis?

A

Effective addition to treatment
§ Medical treatments
§ Acute pain relief

66
Q

_______: an
unintentional
redirection of attention
from the current task to
an unrelated train of
thought

A

Mind-wandering

67
Q

________: a pattern
of brain activity associated with self-reflection, introspection, autobiographical memories, and future thinking

A

Default Mode Network

68
Q

T/F: Abnormal DMN activity linked with certain psychological
disorders

A

true

69
Q

T/F: we’re never NOT thinking

A

true! our DNM is our “baseline”… we’re never completely thoughtless

70
Q

Consciousness can be
assessed on a spectrum of
wakefulness/awareness, what is this scale called?

A

Glasgow coma scale

71
Q

______: condition in
which the brain stem no
longer functions
§ No potential for recovery

A

Brain death

72
Q

_____: complete loss of
consciousness
§ Body is still aside from
minor twitches
§ No pupillary response

A

Coma

73
Q

_________
(PVS): a state of minimal to no consciousness
§ Eyes open but do not track
movement
§ Normal sleep cycles
§ Best hope for recovery
before 6 months
§ The case of Terry Shiavo

A

Persistent vegetative state

74
Q

_________:
marked by the ability to show
some behaviours that suggest
partial consciousness, even
if on an inconsistent basis
§ Behaviours beyond reflexes

A

Minimally conscious state

75
Q

_______: patient is
aware and awake but,
because of an inability to
move, appears unconscious
§ Cognitive and emotional
processing intact

A

Locked-in syndrome

76
Q

T/F: Diminished
brain activity
as conscious
awareness
decreases

A

true

77
Q

what is ‘The problem
of other minds’?

A

we never know for sure what each other’s perceptions are… is your red my red? who knows!

78
Q

T/F: Drugs affect
neurotransmitter
activity through
various agonistic
and antagonistic
effects

A

true

79
Q

______: A
prime area of
activation when a
person engages in
rewarding behavior

A

Nucleus
accumbens

80
Q

______: when repeated
use of a drug results in a
need for a higher dose to
get the intended effect
§ Metabolic and cellular
tolerance
§ Down regulation of
receptors

A

Tolerance

81
Q

how does down regulation affect tolerance of drugs?

A

when there’s less neurotransmitters available to receive signals, it takes more and more neurotransmitters to elicit the same response…. leading to an increase in tolerance

82
Q

_______: the
need to take a drug to ward
off unpleasant physical
withdrawal

A

Physical dependence
long-term drug effects

83
Q

________:
the need to take a drug to
ward off negative emotions
■ No physical
symptoms

A

Psychological dependence
long-term drug effects

84
Q

______: drugs that speed
up the nervous system, typically
enhancing wakefulness and
alertness

A

Stimulants

85
Q

what neurotransmitters increase with stimulant use

A

dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine

86
Q

what happens cognitively after extended drug use?

A

Structural abnormalities in
cells of the frontal lobes

Users develop difficulties
ignoring irrelevant thoughts
§ Stroop test

87
Q

______: produce
perceptual distortions

A

Hallucinogens

88
Q

what neurotransmitters are increased/blocked with hallucinogen use?

A

increased serotonin
blocks glutamate receptors

89
Q

_______(narcotics): reduce
pain and induce extremely
intense feelings of euphoria

A

Opiates

90
Q

what do opiates stimulate?

A

Stimulate endorphin
receptors

91
Q

______: drug that blocks
endorphin receptor sites to
negate the effects of opioids

A

Naloxone

92
Q

T/F: Other opioids often
laced with highly
potent fentanyl

A

true! huge issue with overdose

93
Q

______ (‘downers’): depress
activity of the central nervous
system

A

Sedatives

94
Q

what neurotransmitter increases with sedative use?

A

increases GABA activity

95
Q

_____: most commonly
used drug

A

Alcohol

96
Q

what does alcohol do?

A

Increase GABA activity,
then stimulates endorphin
and dopamine receptors

97
Q

________: Narrow focus on cues related to a person’s
current desires and
impulses while
ignoring everything
else

A

alcohol myopia

98
Q

T/F: youth are particularly susceptible to alcohol myopia

A

true!
Protracted
development of
frontal lobes

99
Q

what does marijuana do to the brain?

A

THC mimics brain chemicals (anandamide) involved in sleep and memory by binding to cannabinoid receptors

PSYCH 1200 (4 decks)

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