Chapter 6: Learning Flashcards
A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
Learning
Organisms learn the association between two stimuli. Organisms tend to anticipate events. Respondent behavior
Example.
Stimulus 1: Doctor’s office
Stimulus 2: Shot
Classical conditioning
Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence. Organisms learn behaviors that increase rewards and decrease behaviors, followed by punishment.
Example.
Stimulus 1: Good Grades
Stimulus 2: Parents give you a phone
Operant conditioning (Also known as instrumental conditioning)
What are the two types of Associative learning?
Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning
Learning involves observing and imitating another’s behavior. Relies on mental processes
Observational Learning
Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events.
Associative learning
-Unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned stimulus
Stimuli in classical Conditioning
- Unconditioned response
-Conditioned response
Responses in Classical Conditioning
A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Example:
Unconditioned stimulus
An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Example: A dog drooling in response to food
Unconditioned response
A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus
The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus pairing.
Conditioned response
The process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.
Reinforcement
The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.
Negative Reinforcement
1) Fixed ratio
2) Variable ratio
3) Fixed Interval
4) Variable interval
Types of reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning
Reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
ex. Mailman delivery to a certain amount of houses before they can go home.
Fixed-ratio
Behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable bias.
ex. Slot machine wins.
Variable-ratio
Reinforces the first appropriate behavior after a certain number of time has passed.
ex. putting cookies in the oven to bake with a timer, and checking the cookies time by time before the alarm goes off. Or cramming for an exam.
Fixed-Interval
Behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed
ex. pop quizzes (you don’t know when they’ll happen, so it makes you study then cram last minute)
Variable-Interval
Centers on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to a reward
Ratio schedule of reinforcement
Refers to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded
Interval schedule of reinforcement
Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
example) when a student starts to study for psych class every night, they reinforce the behavior of studying every night for other classes.
Generalization (in operant conditioning)
Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
ex) you will study harder for a class that is harder accordingly to get good grades but when it comes to easier courses a student will behave accordingly.
Discrimination (in operant conditioning)
