Chapter 6: Learning

Question 1

A systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

Organisms learn the association between two stimuli. Organisms tend to anticipate events. Respondent behavior
Example.
Stimulus 1: Doctor’s office
Stimulus 2: Shot

Answer 2

Classical conditioning

Question 3

Organisms learn the association between a behavior and a consequence. Organisms learn behaviors that increase rewards and decrease behaviors, followed by punishment.

Example.
Stimulus 1: Good Grades
Stimulus 2: Parents give you a phone

Answer 3

Operant conditioning (Also known as instrumental conditioning)

Question 4

What are the two types of Associative learning?

Answer 4

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Question 5

Learning involves observing and imitating another’s behavior. Relies on mental processes

Answer 5

Observational Learning

Question 6

Learning that occurs when an organism makes a connection, or an association, between two events.

Answer 6

Associative learning

Question 7

-Unconditioned stimulus
- Conditioned stimulus

Answer 7

Stimuli in classical Conditioning

Question 8

• Unconditioned response
  -Conditioned response

Answer 8

Responses in Classical Conditioning

Question 9

A stimulus that produces a response without prior learning.
Example:

Answer 9

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 10

An unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
Example: A dog drooling in response to food

Answer 10

Unconditioned response

Question 11

A previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 11

Conditioned stimulus

Question 12

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus pairing.

Answer 12

Conditioned response

Question 13

The process by which a stimulus or event (a reinforcer) following a particular behavior increases the probability that the behavior will happen again.

Answer 13

Reinforcement

Question 14

The presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 14

Positive Reinforcement

Question 15

The removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior.

Answer 15

Negative Reinforcement

Question 16

1) Fixed ratio
2) Variable ratio
3) Fixed Interval
4) Variable interval

Answer 16

Types of reinforcement schedules in operant conditioning

Question 17

Reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

ex. Mailman delivery to a certain amount of houses before they can go home.

Answer 17

Fixed-ratio

Question 18

Behaviors are rewarded an average number of times but on an unpredictable bias.

ex. Slot machine wins.

Answer 18

Variable-ratio

Question 19

Reinforces the first appropriate behavior after a certain number of time has passed.

ex. putting cookies in the oven to bake with a timer, and checking the cookies time by time before the alarm goes off. Or cramming for an exam.

Answer 19

Fixed-Interval

Question 20

Behavior is reinforced after a variable amount of time has passed

ex. pop quizzes (you don’t know when they’ll happen, so it makes you study then cram last minute)

Answer 20

Variable-Interval

Question 21

Centers on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to a reward

Answer 21

Ratio schedule of reinforcement

Question 22

Refers to the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded

Answer 22

Interval schedule of reinforcement

Question 23

Performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.
example) when a student starts to study for psych class every night, they reinforce the behavior of studying every night for other classes.

Answer 23

Generalization (in operant conditioning)

Question 24

Responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

ex) you will study harder for a class that is harder accordingly to get good grades but when it comes to easier courses a student will behave accordingly.

Answer 24

Discrimination (in operant conditioning)

Question 25

Decreases in the frequency of a behavior when the behavior is no longer reinforced.

Answer 25

Extinction (in operant conditioning)

Question 26

The tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.

Answer 26

Generalization (in classical conditioning)

Question 27

The process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others.

Answer 27

Discrimination (in classical conditioning)

Question 28

The weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.

Answer 28

Extinction (in classical conditioning)

Question 29

A classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response.

Answer 29

Counterconditioning

Question 30

A form of problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem’s solution.

ex. the chimp needs to find a way to reach the fruit tied to the ceiling, so he stacks the nearby boxes.

Answer 30

Insight learning

Question 31

When an individual believes that their qualities cannot change

Answer 31

Fixed mindset

Question 32

When an individual believes that their qualities can change and improve through their effort

Answer 32

Growth mindset