Ch. 7 Memory Flashcards
Physical and perceptual features are analyzed.
ex. Shapes of an object let us recognize something, like a car.
Shallow level of processing in encoding
Sematic, meaningful, symbolic characters are used.
ex. you make associations to your car, like the memories you have with it.
Deep level of processing in encoding
Limited in capacity for memory and is retained for 30 secs unless we use strategies to retain it longer.
Characteristic and limit of short-term memory
Very rich and detailed memories, but we lose the information quickly
Characteristics and limits for Sensory Memory
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information for a long time.
Characteristics and limits of Long-term memory
(1) Declarative memory is subdivided into Episodic memory and Semantic memory –> The conscious recollection of information, such as specific facts or events and, at least in humans, information that can be verbally communicated.
(2) Nondeclaritive memory is subdivided into: procedural memory, primary, and classical conditioning –> Memory in which behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of that experience.
(1) Explicit vs. (2) Implicit memory
The activation of information that people already have in storage to help them remember new information better and faster.
ex. an experiment where people were doing a word puzzle and were exposed to words of achievement and the other group was exposed to neutral words. The group exposed to words such as success, win did better in the next puzzle task.
Priming
The theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons, several of which may work together to process a single memory.
connectionism or parallel distributed processing (PDP)
The theory states The tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list more readily than those in the middle.
serial position effect
(1) when you better recall items at the BEGINNING of a list.
(2) when you better recall items at the END of a list.
(The two concepts that make up the serial position effect)
(1) Primacy vs. (2) Recency effects
(1) Situation in which material that was learned EARLIER disrupts the recall of material that was learned LATER
(2) Situation in which material that was learned LATER disrupts the retrieval of information that was learned EARLIER.
(1) Proactive interference vs. (2) retroactive interference
What are the differences between computer and human memory?
Computer memory: Limited in the ability to learn, performs complex calculations fast, applies more rules
Human memory: Human brain is flexible, able to learn new skills, relationships, concepts, and patterns
Mental categories that are used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Concepts
Types of Cognitive Biases (Define them):
1) Conformation Bias
2) Hindsight Bias
3) Availability Heuristic
4) Representativeness Heuristic
5) Loss aversion
6) Base-rate Neglect
1) Conformation Bias: The tendency to search for and use information that supports one’s ideas rather than refutes them.
2) Hindsight Bias: The tendency to report falsely, after the fact, that one has accurately predicted an outcome.
3) Availability Heuristic: A prediction about the probability of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
4) Representativeness Heuristic: The tendency to make judgments about group membership based on physical appearance or the match between a person and one’s stereotype of a group rather than on available base rate information.
5) Loss aversion: The tendency to strongly prefer to avoid losses compared to acquiring gains.
6) Base-rate Neglect: The tendency to ignore information about general principles in favor of very specific and vivid information.
A schema for an event, often containing information about physical features, people, and typical occurrences. Helps people figure out what’s going on. Ex. when a waiter gives you a check on the table.
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