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FINALS- PSYCH > Chapter 6- Learning > Flashcards

Chapter 6- Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

A

LEARNING

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2
Q

Russian Physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in Dogs

A

Ivan Pavlov

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3
Q

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original

A

Classical Conditioning

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4
Q

natural stimulus that normally produces yhe reflex

A

Classical Conditioning

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5
Q

A naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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6
Q

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned response

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7
Q

Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired woth the original unconditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Stimulus

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8
Q

become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

A

Neutral Stimulus

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9
Q

Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Response

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10
Q

Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process od acquiring learning

A

Acquisition

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11
Q

Tendency to respond toba stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

A

Stimulus Generalization

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12
Q

Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

A

Stimulus Discrimination

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13
Q

Disappearance or weakening f a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Extinction

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14
Q

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occuured

A

Spontaneous recovery

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15
Q

Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus

A

High-order conditioning

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16
Q

neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus

A

High-order conditioning

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17
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

A

Conditioned Emotional Response

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18
Q

Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

A

Vicarious Conditioning

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19
Q

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because thst taste was followed by a nausea reaction

A

Conditioned Taste Aversion

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20
Q

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

A

Biological Preparedness

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21
Q

Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimukus bu being paired closely together

A

Stimulus Substitution

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22
Q

Modern theory in which classical conditining is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about thr coming of the unconditioned stimulus

A

Cognitive Perspective

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23
Q

learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pelassnt and unpleasant consequences to responses.

A

Operant Conditioning

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24
Q

If response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated

if a response if followed by an unpleassnt consequence, it will tend not to be reeated

A

Thorndike’s Law of effect

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25
Q

a behaviorist; he wanted to study obly observable, measurable behavior

A

Skinner

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26
Q

any behavior that is voluntary

A

Operant

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27
Q

Learning depends on what happens after the response: _____

A

the consquence

28
Q

any events or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again

A

Reinforcement

29
Q

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need

A

Primary reinforcer

30
Q

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

A

Secondary Reinforcer

31
Q

The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Positive Reinforcement

32
Q

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

A

Negative Reinforcement

33
Q

a response that is reinforced after some—but not all— correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

A

Partial Reinforcement Effect

34
Q

reinforcement of each and every correct response

A

Continuous Reinforcement

35
Q

interval of time thst must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

A

Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement

36
Q

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

A

Variable Interval

37
Q

number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

A

Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement

38
Q

Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforement is different for each trial or event

A

Variable Ratio

39
Q

any object or event thsy, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again

A

Punishment

40
Q

the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus

A

Punishment by application

41
Q

the puishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus

A

Punishment by removal

42
Q

may cause avoidance of thr punisher instead of the bahavior being punished

A

Severe Punishment

43
Q

any stimulus, such s a stop sign ora dorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement

A

Discriminative Stimulus

44
Q

Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior

A

Shaping

45
Q

small steps, one sfter another, that lead to a particular goa behavior

A

Successive approximation

46
Q

Extinction occurs of the behavior (response) is not _______.

A

Reinforced

47
Q

Reoccurance of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning

A

Spontaneous Recovery

48
Q

tendency foran animal/s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

A

Instinctive Drift

49
Q

use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

A

Behavior Modification

50
Q

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

A

Token Economy

51
Q

form a mild punishment by removal in which misbahaving animal, child, or adult, is placed in a special area away from the attention of others

A

Time-Out

52
Q

Modern term for a form or behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response

A

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)

53
Q

use feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control

A

Biofeedback

54
Q

form of biofeedback using devices (EEG,fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior

A

Neurofeedback

55
Q

early cognitive scientist

A

Edward Tolman

56
Q

Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes successful

A

Latent Learning

57
Q

sudden perception of relarionships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly

A

Insight

58
Q

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past

A

Learned Helplessness

59
Q

new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy thst focuses on the adaptive, creative, anf psychologically more fulilling aspects of humas experience rather than on mental disorders

A

Positive Psychology

60
Q

Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior

A

Observational Learning

61
Q

learning can take place without actual performace of the learned behavior

A

Learning/performance distinction

62
Q

identify the 4 elements of Observational Learning

A

Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation

63
Q

(an element of observational learning)

to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model

A

Attention

64
Q

(an element of observational learning) the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show

A

memory

65
Q

(an element of observational learning) the lesrner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model

A

Imitation

66
Q

(an element of observational learning) The learner must have the desire to perform the action

A

Motivation

FINALS- PSYCH (3 decks)

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