Chapter 6- Learning Flashcards
Any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice
LEARNING
Russian Physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in Dogs
Ivan Pavlov
Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original
Classical Conditioning
natural stimulus that normally produces yhe reflex
Classical Conditioning
A naturally occuring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response
Unconditioned stimulus
an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired woth the original unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus
become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Neutral Stimulus
Learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response
Repeated pairing of the NS and the UCS; the organism is in the process od acquiring learning
Acquisition
Tendency to respond toba stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus Discrimination
Disappearance or weakening f a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus
Extinction
reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occuured
Spontaneous recovery
Strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus
High-order conditioning
neutral stimulus becomes a second conditioned stimulus
High-order conditioning
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Conditioned Emotional Response
Classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person
Vicarious Conditioning
development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste because thst taste was followed by a nausea reaction
Conditioned Taste Aversion
the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning
Biological Preparedness
Original theory in which Pavlov stated that classical conditioning occurred because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimukus bu being paired closely together
Stimulus Substitution
Modern theory in which classical conditining is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about thr coming of the unconditioned stimulus
Cognitive Perspective
learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pelassnt and unpleasant consequences to responses.
Operant Conditioning
If response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated
if a response if followed by an unpleassnt consequence, it will tend not to be reeated
Thorndike’s Law of effect
a behaviorist; he wanted to study obly observable, measurable behavior
Skinner
any behavior that is voluntary
Operant
Learning depends on what happens after the response: _____
the consquence
any events or stimulus, that when following a response, increases the probability that the response will occur again
Reinforcement
any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a basic biological need
Primary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
Secondary Reinforcer
The reinforcement of a response by the addition or experience of a pleasurable stimulus
Positive Reinforcement
the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
a response that is reinforced after some—but not all— correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction
Partial Reinforcement Effect
reinforcement of each and every correct response
Continuous Reinforcement
interval of time thst must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same
Fixed Interval Schedule of Reinforcement
the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event
Variable Interval
number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same
Fixed Ratio Schedule of Reinforcement
Schedule of reinforcement in which the number of responses required for reinforement is different for each trial or event
Variable Ratio
any object or event thsy, when following a response, makes that response less likely to happen again
Punishment
the punishment of a response by the addition or experiencing of an unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by application
the puishment of a response by the removal of a pleasurable stimulus
Punishment by removal
may cause avoidance of thr punisher instead of the bahavior being punished
Severe Punishment
any stimulus, such s a stop sign ora dorknob, that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement
Discriminative Stimulus
Reinforcement of simple steps, leading to a desired complex behavior
Shaping
small steps, one sfter another, that lead to a particular goa behavior
Successive approximation
Extinction occurs of the behavior (response) is not _______.
Reinforced
Reoccurance of a once-extinguished response) also happens in operant conditioning
Spontaneous Recovery
tendency foran animal/s behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns
Instinctive Drift
use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior
Behavior Modification
type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens
Token Economy
form a mild punishment by removal in which misbahaving animal, child, or adult, is placed in a special area away from the attention of others
Time-Out
Modern term for a form or behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
use feedback about biological conditions to bring involuntary responses such as blood pressure and relaxation under voluntary control
Biofeedback
form of biofeedback using devices (EEG,fMRI) to provide feedback about brain activity in an effort to modify behavior
Neurofeedback
early cognitive scientist
Edward Tolman
Learning that remains hidden until its application becomes successful
Latent Learning
sudden perception of relarionships among various parts of a problem, allowing the solution to the problem to come quickly
Insight
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Learned Helplessness
new way of looking at the entire concept of mental health and therapy thst focuses on the adaptive, creative, anf psychologically more fulilling aspects of humas experience rather than on mental disorders
Positive Psychology
Learning new behavior by watching a model perform that behavior
Observational Learning
learning can take place without actual performace of the learned behavior
Learning/performance distinction
identify the 4 elements of Observational Learning
Attention
Memory
Imitation
Motivation
(an element of observational learning)
to learn anything through observation, the learner must first pay attention to the model
Attention
(an element of observational learning) the learner must also be able to retain the memory of what was done, such as remembering the steps in preparing a dish that were first seen on a cooking show
memory
(an element of observational learning) the lesrner must be capable of reproducing, or imitating, the actions of the model
Imitation
(an element of observational learning) The learner must have the desire to perform the action
Motivation
