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Pervasive Computing > Chapter 6: Internet-of-Things > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Internet-of-Things Flashcards

1
Q

What is IoT ?

A

Intersection of Things, Internet and what Apps can do (Semantic).

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2
Q

Definition of IoT

A

The worldwide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable based on standard communication protocols.

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3
Q

What is the concept behind IoT?

A

Transferring internet standards to the physical world

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4
Q

Name some of the opportunities of IoT

A 
Consumer: Smart home control
Retail: Inventory control
Medical: Wearable devices
Industrial: SmartMeters
Automotive: Parking
Environmental: Weather prediction
Agriculture: Crop management
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5
Q

How does the IoT Reference Architecture look like?

A

-Its a three-tier architecture

  • Application layer: runs applications
  • Network layer: Data communication, Storage & Analysis
  • Perception Layer: Data Generation (e.g. by sensors)

Layers are rather tiers (physical instead of logical units)

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6
Q

What are the building blocks (functionalities) of IoT?

A

Identification + Sensing + Communication + Computation + Services + Semantics

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7
Q

How does identification in IoT work?

A
  • Unique identification of objects
  • Naming vs. addressing
  • IPv4 vs IPv6

IPv6 is a new protocol that solves the address exhaustion of IPv4 addresses

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8
Q

What is the difference between Naming and Addressing?

A

A name is a unique way of identifying a physical or virtual object (EPC)

An address provides the location of an object in the network. It enables to create a path to that point. (IPv4)

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9
Q

The combination of Entity of interest and Devices makes …

A

Things identifiable

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10
Q

Describe how RFID works.

A

Principle: Use electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.

Tags can be attached to anything:

  • Passive or active tags
  • Read only or Read/Write tags
  • Varying ranges (10 cm to 200m)
  • Stores unique identifier (Electronic Product Code EPC)

Application: Inventory Management

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11
Q

What are the components of a RFID Tag

A
  • Chip (often emits ID - power is received by the magnetic field of the RFID reader)
  • Substrate
  • Antenna coil

The Tag is then read by the RFID reader.

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12
Q

Is RFID cheap or expensive to implement IoT?

A
  • Cheap
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13
Q

Describe the process of identifying a object with RFID

A
  1. Attach RFID tag to an item (unique)
  2. Reader communicates with tag through antenna
  3. Store and evaluate the read data into a database.
  4. Application of the data in CRM, ERP or other retail systems
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14
Q

How does sensing work in IoT?

A
  • Gather data from smart objects (Wearable, smart sensors, RFID tag, embedded sensors, actuators)
  • Send data for processing
  • Smart sensors, actuators, or wearables
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15
Q

How does communication work in IoT?

A
  • Heterogeneous devices are connected
  • Via WiFi, Bluetooth, LTE, etc.
  • RFID, NFC, UWB for low range communication
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16
Q

How can you select the best communication technique?

A

You need to understand the application considering:

  • Range
  • Energy consumption
  • Communication Speed
  • Transmission quality
  • Cost
  • Security
17
Q

Which communication technologies can be used for IoT?

A
  • Wired (Ethernet)
  • WPAN (Bluetooth)
  • W-Mesh (ZigBee)
  • WLAN (802.11n)
  • WWAN (3G/4G)
18
Q

In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart Retail?

A
  • RFID
19
Q

In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Wearables?

A
  • Bluetooth
20
Q

In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart Home?

A
  • WiFi
  • BLE
  • Zigbee
21
Q

In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smartphones?

A
  • Cellular
22
Q

In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart City?

A
  • Licensed LPWAN

- Unlicensed LPWAN

23
Q

How does computation work in IoT?

A
  • processing units facilitate the computation in IoT (Microcontrollers, microprocessors)
  • Support by software platforms
  • Data processing & knowledge collection in the cloud
24
Q

What services classes exist in IoT?

A
  • Identity Related (shipping)
  • Information aggregation (smart grid)
  • Collaborative aware (smart home)
  • Ubiquitous services (smart city)
25
Q

Explain semantics in the context of IoT

A
  • Ability to extract knowledge
  • Discover and use resources as well as model information
  • Semantic Web technologies (resource description framework, web ontology language)
26
Q

Give some example for computation hardware and software in IoT

A

Hardware:

  • Smart Things
  • Raspberry Pi

Software:

  • Hadoop
  • Android
27
Q

What are the technical challenges for IoT?

A
  • Heterogeneity
  • Connectivity
  • Scalability
  • Self-management capabilities
  • Energy efficiency
  • Security and Privacy
28
Q

Explain the heterogeneity challenge for IoT

A
  • Heterogeneous silos of devices, technologies, and services

- Silos prevent the network of interconnected objects to obtain knowledge

29
Q

Explain the connectivity challenge for IoT

A
  • Provide data exchange between smart objects

- Communication technologies (often application specific for the respective purpose)

30
Q

Explain the scalability challenge for IoT

A
  • Large number of devices
  • Multiple dimensions of scalability
    • Naming / addressing
    • networking performance
    • data management
31
Q

Explain the self-management challenge for IoT

A
  • High system complexity
  • objects have to act without user interaction
  • Context must be considered
32
Q

Explain the energy efficiency challenge for IoT

A
  • Information processing requires energy
  • More objects > higher energy consumption

-> Reducing energy consumption is important for sustainability because the number of IoT devices increases

33
Q

Explain the security and privacy challenge for IoT

A
  • Smart objects create sensor / personal data
  • necessary for learning and reasoning
  • > Ensuring data security and privacy

Pervasive Computing (11 decks)

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