Chapter 6: Internet-of-Things Flashcards
What is IoT ?
Intersection of Things, Internet and what Apps can do (Semantic).
Definition of IoT
The worldwide network of interconnected objects uniquely addressable based on standard communication protocols.
What is the concept behind IoT?
Transferring internet standards to the physical world
Name some of the opportunities of IoT
Consumer: Smart home control Retail: Inventory control Medical: Wearable devices Industrial: SmartMeters Automotive: Parking Environmental: Weather prediction Agriculture: Crop management
How does the IoT Reference Architecture look like?
-Its a three-tier architecture
- Application layer: runs applications
- Network layer: Data communication, Storage & Analysis
- Perception Layer: Data Generation (e.g. by sensors)
Layers are rather tiers (physical instead of logical units)
What are the building blocks (functionalities) of IoT?
Identification + Sensing + Communication + Computation + Services + Semantics
How does identification in IoT work?
- Unique identification of objects
- Naming vs. addressing
- IPv4 vs IPv6
IPv6 is a new protocol that solves the address exhaustion of IPv4 addresses
What is the difference between Naming and Addressing?
A name is a unique way of identifying a physical or virtual object (EPC)
An address provides the location of an object in the network. It enables to create a path to that point. (IPv4)
The combination of Entity of interest and Devices makes …
Things identifiable
Describe how RFID works.
Principle: Use electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects.
Tags can be attached to anything:
- Passive or active tags
- Read only or Read/Write tags
- Varying ranges (10 cm to 200m)
- Stores unique identifier (Electronic Product Code EPC)
Application: Inventory Management
What are the components of a RFID Tag
- Chip (often emits ID - power is received by the magnetic field of the RFID reader)
- Substrate
- Antenna coil
The Tag is then read by the RFID reader.
Is RFID cheap or expensive to implement IoT?
- Cheap
Describe the process of identifying a object with RFID
- Attach RFID tag to an item (unique)
- Reader communicates with tag through antenna
- Store and evaluate the read data into a database.
- Application of the data in CRM, ERP or other retail systems
How does sensing work in IoT?
- Gather data from smart objects (Wearable, smart sensors, RFID tag, embedded sensors, actuators)
- Send data for processing
- Smart sensors, actuators, or wearables
How does communication work in IoT?
- Heterogeneous devices are connected
- Via WiFi, Bluetooth, LTE, etc.
- RFID, NFC, UWB for low range communication
How can you select the best communication technique?
You need to understand the application considering:
- Range
- Energy consumption
- Communication Speed
- Transmission quality
- Cost
- Security
Which communication technologies can be used for IoT?
- Wired (Ethernet)
- WPAN (Bluetooth)
- W-Mesh (ZigBee)
- WLAN (802.11n)
- WWAN (3G/4G)
In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart Retail?
- RFID
In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Wearables?
- Bluetooth
In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart Home?
- WiFi
- BLE
- Zigbee
In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smartphones?
- Cellular
In consideration of data rate & power consumption and range, which communication technology can be used for Smart City?
- Licensed LPWAN
- Unlicensed LPWAN
How does computation work in IoT?
- processing units facilitate the computation in IoT (Microcontrollers, microprocessors)
- Support by software platforms
- Data processing & knowledge collection in the cloud
What services classes exist in IoT?
- Identity Related (shipping)
- Information aggregation (smart grid)
- Collaborative aware (smart home)
- Ubiquitous services (smart city)
Explain semantics in the context of IoT
- Ability to extract knowledge
- Discover and use resources as well as model information
- Semantic Web technologies (resource description framework, web ontology language)
Give some example for computation hardware and software in IoT
Hardware:
- Smart Things
- Raspberry Pi
Software:
- Hadoop
- Android
What are the technical challenges for IoT?
- Heterogeneity
- Connectivity
- Scalability
- Self-management capabilities
- Energy efficiency
- Security and Privacy
Explain the heterogeneity challenge for IoT
- Heterogeneous silos of devices, technologies, and services
- Silos prevent the network of interconnected objects to obtain knowledge
Explain the connectivity challenge for IoT
- Provide data exchange between smart objects
- Communication technologies (often application specific for the respective purpose)
Explain the scalability challenge for IoT
- Large number of devices
- Multiple dimensions of scalability
- Naming / addressing
- networking performance
- data management
Explain the self-management challenge for IoT
- High system complexity
- objects have to act without user interaction
- Context must be considered
Explain the energy efficiency challenge for IoT
- Information processing requires energy
- More objects > higher energy consumption
-> Reducing energy consumption is important for sustainability because the number of IoT devices increases
Explain the security and privacy challenge for IoT
- Smart objects create sensor / personal data
- necessary for learning and reasoning
- > Ensuring data security and privacy
