Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

internal med unit 1 > Chapter 6 Injury, Inflammation, Healing, and Repair > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Injury, Inflammation, Healing, and Repair Flashcards

1
Q

What is a secondary injury?

A

a result of hypoxic-ischemic injury caused by cerebral edema or intracranial hematomas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Pathology

A

the structural and functional changes in the body caused by disease or trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a primary injury?

A

multiple physical woulds, open wounds, or fractures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are causes of cell injury?

A

ischemia, infectious agents, immune reactions, genetic factors, nutritional factors, physical factors, and chemical factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the phases of healing?

A
  1. homeostasis and degeneration 2. inflammation 3. proliferation and migration 4. remodeling and maturation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adaptation in Figure 6.1 concept map for cellular response to stress?

A

The extent to which the cell is able to alter mechanisms and regain homeostasis in the altered environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What makes an injury reversible?

A

it depends on…
1. the mechanism of injury
2. length of time the injury is present w/o intervention
3. severity of the injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does a mild injury result to?

A

sublethal alterations but may be reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does a moderate or severe injury result to?

A

lethal alterations-likely irreversible-leads to cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is ischemia?

A

occurs when the blood flow is insufficient to maintain cell homeostasis and metabolic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is suffocation?

A

obstruction of the respiratory tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is pneumonia?

A

inadequate transport of O2 across the respiratory surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Arterial lumen obstruction and narrowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is thrombus?

A

intravascular clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is anemia?

A

inadequate transport of O2 in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is CO poisoning?

A

inability of the cell to use O2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the chain of events caused by ischemia that ends with a compromised function?

A

partial (hypoxia) or total (anoxia) reduction in O2 supply –> loss of aerobic metabolism –> reduction ATP synthesis –> accumulation of ions and fluid –> cells swell –> compromised function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does infectious agents cause cell injury?

A

invading tissue and releasing exotoxins and endotoxins that can cause cell lysis and degradation of extracellular matrix and aid in the spread of the infection.

19
Q

How does immune reactions cause cell injury?

A

leads to hypersensitivities ranging from a mild allergy to life-threatening anaphylactic reactions or autoimmune disorders

20
Q

What are the two categories of chemical injury?

A
  1. substances that can injure cells directly
  2. substances that require metabolic transformation into the toxic agent
21
Q

What is an example of substances that can injure cells directly?

A

mercury or chemotherapy

22
Q

What is an example of substances that require metabolic transformation into the toxic agent?

A

Carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen (high amounts can lead to suicide)

23
Q

How do free radicals cause cell injury/death?

A

excess amounts –> oxidative stress –> cell injury/death

24
Q

What are causes of free radical formation?

A
  1. exposure of toxic chemicals
  2. exposure to high level of oxygen
  3. irradiation
  4. ultraviolet
  5. fluorescent light
  6. pollutants
  7. tobacco smoke
  8. pesticides
  9. drug overdose
  10. heat stress
  11. reperfusion injury
  12. prolonged exercise
25
Q

What are antioxidants?

A

neutralize the extra free radicals and stop chain reactions

26
Q

How do you strengthen the antioxidant defense system?

A

moderate physical activity and exercise

27
Q

How do genes alter cells?

A

(1) alterations in the structure or number of chromosomes that induce multiple abnormalities
(2) single mutations of genes that cause changes in the amount or functions of proteins
(3) multiple gene mutations that interact with environmental factors to cause multifactorial disorders.

28
Q

How are psychosocial factors causing cell injury?

A

fear, tension, or anxiety may influence individual threshold values for tissue adaptation and injury

29
Q

What is the primary target for age-related changes?

A

mitochondrial DNA

30
Q

What is the mechanism of cellular aging?

A

deceased capacity to respond to stress –> progressive decline in homeostatic balance –> pathology

31
Q

What are some cellular adaptions in chronic cell injury?

A

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia

32
Q

What is atrophy?

A

a reduction in cell and organ size (bone loss, muscle wasting, and brain cell loss)

33
Q

What is intracellular accumulations or storage?

A

an increase in the storage of lipids, proteins, carbs, or pigments within the cell that occur as a result of an overload of various metabolites or exogenous material

34
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

shrinkage or reduction of cell (not associated with an inflammatory response)

35
Q

what is necrosis?

A

it is enlargement or swelling of the cell

36
Q

What is an inflammation of sudden onset and short duration called?

A

acute inflammation

37
Q

What are the four clinical manifestations of inflammation?

A

erythema, heat, edema, and pain

38
Q

What results to redness and heat?

A

arteriolar vasodilation

39
Q

What gives rise to swelling?

A

exudation and leukocyte infiltration

40
Q

What gives rise to pain?

A

pressure of edema on the peripheral nerves

41
Q

What happens with increased capillary permeability?

A

edema and loss of fluid (slower blood flow and increased blood viscosity)

42
Q

What is one cellular substance that is present in chronic inflammation cellular infiltrates that is not in acute inflammation cellular infiltrates?

A

lymphocytes

43
Q

What is the difference between edema and effusion?

A

Edema is the swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body’s tissues (extravascular space)

Effusion is an accumulation of fluid in an enclosed space (body cavity or joint)

44
Q

What is the difference between exudate and transudate?

A

Exudate is caused by inflammation

internal med unit 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions