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NURS 337 > Chapter 6 Inflammation and Wound Healing > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Inflammation and Wound Healing Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

a protective, coordinated response of the body to an injurious agent

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2
Q

The major aims of inflammation

A

wall-off the area of injury, prevent spread of the injurious agent, and bring the body’s defenses to the region under attack.

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3
Q

Acute inflammation

A

rapidly in reaction to cell injury, rids the body of the offending agent, enhances healing, and terminates after a short period, either hours or a few days

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4
Q

Chronic inflammation

A

when the inflammatory reaction persists, inhibits healing, and causes continual cellular damage and organ dysfunction. Continues for days (ulcers, TB, RA, SLE, MS, asthma)

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5
Q

Acute Inflammatory Reaction Three Main Stages

A

Stage 1: vascular permeability
Stage 2: cellular chemotaxis
Stage 3: systemic responses

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6
Q

Vascular Permeability

A

histamine and bradykinin enable the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable.

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7
Q

Vasodilation of the arterioles is followed by

A

enhanced capillary permeability

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8
Q

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation

A

Rubor (redness)
Tumor (swelling)
Calor (heat)
Dolor (pain)
Loss of function

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9
Q

Macrophages

A

surround and consume the foreign material in a process called phagocytosis

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10
Q

fluid that leaves the capillaries

A

protein-rich filtrate of blood that contains WBCs called macrophages

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11
Q

Purulent exudate

A

rich in protein

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12
Q

Transudate

A

little protein and is mainly a watery filtrate

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13
Q

margination

A

WBCs arrive at the site of inflammation line up along the endothelium in the area of inflammation

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14
Q

cytokines

A

inflammatory mediators released by WBCs
-amplify or deactivate inflammation

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15
Q

acute phase proteins

A

proteins influence the inflammatory process by stimulating, modulating, and deactivating the reaction.

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16
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP)

A

a substance produced by the liver that increases in the presence of inflammation in the body

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17
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

When your blood is placed in a tall, thin tube, red blood cells (erythrocytes) gradually settle to the bottom. Inflammation can cause the cells to clump.
-The farther the red blood cells have descended, the greater the inflammatory response of your immune system.

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18
Q

Neutrophils

A

First responders
-referred to as polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs
-immature form, they are called bands or stabs.
-multisegmented nuclei

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19
Q

Lymphocytes

A

Chronic infection or leukemia

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20
Q

Eosinophils

A

Allergic reaction

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21
Q

Basophils

A

Decrease is acute allergic reaction

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22
Q

Monocytes (macrophages)

A

Inflammatory disease/infection

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23
Q

shift to the left

A

high number of bands are present, indicating an increase in newly formed neutrophils (immature wbc’s)
-elevated WBC count (acute inflammatory process)

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24
Q

granulocytes

A

-Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
-contain important enzymes and inflammatory mediators to fight infection (phagocytosis).

25
Q

WBC differential

A

used in the diagnosis of infection and inflammation

26
Q

Systemic Responses

A

Fever
Pain
General malaise (a general feeling of poor health)
Lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
Anorexia
Sleepiness
Lethargy
Anemia
Weight loss

27
Q

Inflammatory Mediators Released From WBCs

A

-Prostaglandins
-Leukotrienes
-Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)
-Interleukins (Ils)

28
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Vasodilation, inhibit platelet aggregation, bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction, GI tract contraction, GI tract relaxation, decrease gastric acid secretion, increase mucus secretion

29
Q

Leukotrienes

A

-Metabolites of arachidonic acid
-Contraction of bronchial smooth muscles (triggering asthma attacks), stimulation of vascular permeability, and attraction and activation of leukocytes.

30
Q

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha)

A

-Stimulates phagocytosis so it promotes the inflammatory response
-An endogenous pyrogen, able to induce fever, apoptotic cell death, inflammation, inhibit tumorigenesis (so not all cells turn into cancer cells), and viral replication

31
Q

Interleukins (Ils)

A

important in stimulating immune responses, such as inflammation

32
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX-1)

A

responsible for transforming arachidonic acid into eicosanoids (inflammation, blood pressure regulation, and blood clotting) and is found throughout your body, normal body function such as stomach mucous production, regulation of gastric acid, and kidney water excretion.

33
Q

cyclooxygenase (COX-2)

A

released by inflammatory cells and transforms arachidonic acid into the eicosanoids responsible for causing, pain, inflammation, including fever promotion

34
Q

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, such as aspirin and ibuprofen

A

counter inflammation by inhibiting the action of cyclooxygenase
-potentially causes an increase in stomach acid. This is because the first type of cyclooxygenase stops the secretion of stomach acid

35
Q

pyrogens

A

substances that cause fever
-activate prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic temperature-regulating center (higher)
-

36
Q

antipyretic agent

A

drug that brings down fever.

37
Q

It is recommended to keep fever below

A

102°F

38
Q

Histamine

A

inflammatory mediator released from basophils, platelets, and mast cells.

39
Q

Histamines are stimulated by

A

Physical injury, immune reactions, cytokines, and other inflammatory mediators

40
Q

consequences of histamine released in the upper respiratory tract

A

Sneezing, rhinorrhea (runny nose), eye tearing, sinus inflammation, and pharyngeal irritation

41
Q

Lymphadenopathy, or lymphadenitis

A

enlargement of lymph nodes caused by inflammatory processes

42
Q

Acute Inflammation Will Result in

A

-Complete resolution
-Healing by connective tissue
-Chronic, persistent inflammation that does not recede

43
Q

Chronic inflammation often causes a

A

granuloma

44
Q

Granuloma

A

area where macrophages have aggregated and are transformed into epithelial-like cells. The epithelioid cells are surrounded by lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and connective tissue

45
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) is the

A

prototypical granulomatous chronic inflammatory disease

46
Q

Wound Healing Is Divided Into Three Phases

A

-Inflammation
-Proliferation, granulation tissue formation, and epithelialization
-Wound contraction and remodeling

47
Q

Skin Wounds Heal by One of Three Processes

A

-Primary intention
-Secondary intention
-Tertiary intention

48
Q

Primary Intention

A

-A clean laceration that requires simple re-epithelialization when edges are approximated

Example: surgical laceration

49
Q

Secondary Intention

A

-A wound with a large gap in tissue; some of the tissue has been gouged out.

Example: decubitus ulcer

50
Q

Tertiary Intention

A

A wound with a large gap of missing tissue that has been contaminated and needs a drainage tube while healing

51
Q

The healed wound builds to a maximal tensile strength of ____ to ____ after ________

A

70% to 80% after 3 months.

52
Q

Factors Involved in Wound Healing

A

Nutrition
Oxygenation
Circulation
Immune strength
Diabetes; weakens healing
Use of corticosteroids; diminishes healing
Use of immunosuppressant agents
Contamination
Surgically inserted devices
Obesity
Age

53
Q

Keloid

A

hyperplasia of scar tissue

54
Q

Contractures

A

inflexible shrinkage of wound tissue that pulls the edges toward the center of the wound

55
Q

Dehiscence

A

opening of a wound’s suture line

56
Q

Evisceration

A

opening of wound with extrusion of tissue and organs

57
Q

Stricture

A

an abnormal narrowing of a tubular body passage from the formation of scar tissue

58
Q

Fistula

A

abnormal connection between two epithelium-lined organs or vessels

59
Q
A

NURS 337 (40 decks)

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