Ch.11 Cancer Biology Flashcards
Lipoma
Benign tumor of fat cells
Sarcoma
Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue
Carcinoma
Malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue
Osteogenic sarcoma
Malignant bone tumor
Rhabdomyoma
Benign tumor of skeletal muscle
Liposarcoma
Malignant tumor of fat cells
Adenocarcinoma
Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium
Leiomyoma
Benign tumor of smooth muscle
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Primary liver cancer
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle
Mutations in (________) that convert them to (________) drive development of cancer by causing uncontrolled cell growth.
proto-oncogenes; oncogenes
If the cancer stem cells in a tumor survive cytotoxic chemotherapy, the tumor is likely to (___________).
regrow
Progression from a benign polyp to a malignant tumor requires (________) mutations.
multiple
The normal (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras becomes the (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras when a mutation makes the RAS protein active all the time.
proto-oncogene; oncogene
Malignant tumors in the colon most commonly metastasize to the (lungs, liver).
liver
Malignant tumors are (heterogeneous, homogeneous) in their cellular composition.
heterogeneous
In the presence of oxygen, normal cells metabolize glucose by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), but cancer cells often metabolize it by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation).
oxidative phosphorylation; glycolysis
For a cell to become cancerous, (simultaneous, stepwise) mutations must occur in its (genes, enzymes).
stepwise; genes
(Acute, Chronic) inflammation predisposes to development of cancer.
Chronic
The TNM system is used to (grade, stage) a cancer.
stage
Pleomorphic
Having variable size and shape
Differentiation
The process by which a cell develops a specialized organization and function
Anaplastic
Having no cellular differentiation
Transformation
The process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell
Neoplasm
A new growth
Tumor
Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation
Point mutation inactivates one tumor-suppressor gene allele, epigenetic change silences the other.
Procancer effect
Chromosome translocation creates Philadelphia chromosome.
Procancer effect
Point mutation inactivates proto-oncogene.
Anticancer effect
Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.
Procancer effect
Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.
Procancer effect
DNA methylation occurs in the promoter regions of both copies of a tumor-suppressor gene.
Procancer effect
Epigenetic modification silences an oncogene.
Anticancer effect
Mutation disrupts caretaker gene.
Procancer effect
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
1
Mutations enable self-renewal, anchorage independence, increased motility, and secretion of proteases.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
2
Tumor microenvironment drives cell dedifferentiation by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
3
Cancer cells move into a blood vessel, facilitated by leaky blood vessels created through angiogenesis.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
4
Cancer cells circulate, evading the immune system by associating with platelets or other mechanisms.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
5
Cancer cells attach to endothelium attracted by tissue-specific characteristics and survival signals.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
6
Cancer cells leave the blood vessel, facilitated by their motility characteristics and vascular remodeling.
Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
7
Cancer cells secrete chemical signals that co-opt local and circulating cells, creating a new microenvironment where they proliferate.
What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation appropriately, but an oncogene is a proto-oncogene that is mutated in such a way that its proteins are inappropriately active, accelerating cell proliferation.
What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene?
A proto-oncogene codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation, but a tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that suppress cell proliferation.
What is the difference between a driver mutation and a passenger mutation?
A driver mutation is important for cancer progression, but a passenger mutation is a random mutation that probably does not contribute to cancer progression.
Stem cells and cancer cells are able to divide indefinitely because they make the enzyme
telomerase
Tumors stimulate formation of new blood vessels by secreting
angiogenic
Abnormal premalignant growths in epithelial tissues that have not crossed the basement membrane are called carcinoma
in situ
Cancer-predisposing genetic events that occur in ______________ cells are not inherited, but those that occur in ______________ cells are inherited
somatic; germline
A cancer cell that secretes growth factors that stimulate its own growth engages in ______________ stimulation.
autocrine
Characteristics of cancer cells that enable them to survive and proliferate include loss of contact ______________, resistance to apoptosis, and anchorage ______________.
inhibition; independence
Survival of malignant tumors is facilitated by tumor-associated ______________ that secrete cytokines and other factors that assist cancer cell survival and proliferation
macrophages
The immune system is important in protecting against cancers caused by specific ______________ infections.
viral
In the TNM system, T represents ______________; N represents ______________; and M represents ______________.
tumor; nodes; metastases
