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DAT BIOLOGY > Chapter 6: Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

multiplication rule

A

to determine the probability of two or more independent events occurring together multiply the probabilities of each separate event

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2
Q

gene

A

genetic material on a chromosome for a trait

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3
Q

allele

A

variance of genes such as different color

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4
Q

locus

A

location on chromosome where gene is located

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5
Q

homologous chromosome

A
  1. a pair of chromosomes that contains same genetic material (gene for gene)
  2. each parent contributed 1 of the chromosomes in the pair and this different alleles may exist for a gene (dominant and recessive or incomplete dominance (color blending)/ co-dominant such as blood type)
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6
Q

law of segregation

A

one member of each chromosome pair migrates to an opposite pole so that each gamete is haploid (aka each gamete has only one copy of each allele)
— occurs in anaphase 1

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7
Q

law of independent assortment

A

migration of homologues within one pair of homologous chromosomes does not influence the migration of homologues of other homologous pairs (independent assortment of alleles)

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8
Q

test crosses

A
  1. monohybrid crosses test one gene
  2. dihybrid test two (on different chromosomes)
  3. crosses have P, F1, F2, etc generations
  4. You can cross (unknown dominant genotype) X (homozygous recessive) to determine if hetero or homo dominant
  5. to determine probabilities in dihyrbrid, usually easier to calculate probability of each gene separately then multiply
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9
Q

incomplete dominance

A

blending of expressions of alleles (R= red, R’=white, RR’=pink

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10
Q

codominance

A
  1. both inherited alleles are completely expressed

2. Blood types A and B or both can show up as AB if expressed

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11
Q

multiple alleles

A
  1. Blood groups have 3 possible alleles
  2. the codominant A and B and the O, leading to 4 possible phenotypes (6 possible genotypes)
  3. AO/AA (A type)
  4. BO/BB (B type)
  5. AB (AB type)
  6. OO (O type)
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12
Q

epistasis

A
  1. one gene affects phenotypic expression of 2nd gene.
  2. Pigmentation (one gene controls (turn on/off) the production of pigment, and 2nd gene controls color or amount
  3. If 1st gene codes for no pigment => 2nd gene has no effect
    CCBx=> black fur ccxx=no pigment
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13
Q

pleiotropy

A
  1. single gene has more than 1 phenotypic expression
  2. gene in pea plants that expessed seed texture also influences phenotype of starch metabolism and water uptake; sickle cell anemia leads to different health conditions
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14
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

the interaction of many genes to shape a single phenotype w/ continuous variation (height, skin color in humans)

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15
Q

linked genes

A
  1. two or more genes that reside on the same chromosomes and this cannot separate independently because they are physically connected (inherited together)
  2. linked genes exhibit recombination about 18% of the time?
  3. In a cross of BbVv x bbvv (says that BV and bv are linked and is in a homologue)
  4. we can only get BV and bv and no Bv or bV
  5. however, if there is recombination, we may get 18% Bv and bV
  6. the greater the recombination frequencies (18% above) means farther distance apart on the same chromosome.
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16
Q

linkage map

A

B-V is 18%, A-V is 12%, B-A is 6%=>

B——A————V

17
Q

sex-linked

A
  1. refers to single gene resides on X chromosome
  2. when male (XY) receives an X from mother, whether it is dominant of recessive will be expressed because there is no copy on the Y chromosome
18
Q

sex-influenced

A

can be influenced by sex of individual carrying trait (Bb female not bald, Bb male is)

19
Q

penetrance

A

probability an organism with a specific genotype will express a particular phenotype

20
Q

expressivity

A

term describing the variation of phenotype for a specific genotype

21
Q

X-inactivation

A
  1. during embryonic development in female mammals, one o two X chromosomes does not uncoil into chromatin=> dark and coiled compact body chromosome (Barr body)=> cannot be expressed
  2. Thus, only the genes on the other X chromosomes will be expressed.
  3. either one can be inactivated=> genes in the female will not be expressed similarly, so all cells in a female mammal not necessarily functionally identical (calico cats)
22
Q

hemophilia

A

cannot form blood clot. XHXh is normal carrier. But if XH is inactivated=> Xh is expressed

23
Q

nondisjunction

A
  1. failure of one/more chromosomes pairs or chromatids to separate during mitosis
  2. failure of two chromatids of a single chromosome during anaphase or meiosis ( homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis 1 or sister chromatids to separate during meisosi 2; result in trisomy or monosomy; ex down syndrome ** note specifically during anaphase
24
Q

mosaicism

A

in cells that undergo nondisjunction in mitosis during embryonic development; fraction of body cells have extra or missing chromosome

25
Q

polyploidy

A

all chromosomes undergo meiotic nondisjunction and produce gametes with twice the number of chromosomes. Common in plants.

26
Q

point mutation

A
  1. single nucleotide changes causing substitution, insertion, deletion (latter 2 could use frameshift)
  2. transition mutation: purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine
  3. transverse mutation: purine to pyridine or vice versa
27
Q

aneuploidy

A

genome with extra/missing chromosome<= often caused by nondisjunction (down syndrome =trisomy 21)

28
Q

turner syndrome

A
  1. nondisjunction in sex chromosome
  2. gametes (single, frome one parent) can be XX/XY or O (no chromosome)=> XO sterile, physically abnormal
  3. klinefelter (XXY); down syndrome (trisomy 21)
29
Q

chromosomal abberations

A

chromosome segments are changed

30
Q

duplications

A

chromosome segment is repeated on same chromo

31
Q

inversions

A

chromosome segments are rearranged in reverse orientation

32
Q

translocation

A

segment is moved to another chromosome. Can be reciprocal (two non-homolgous chromosomes swap chuncks or Robertsonian (one chromo from a pair becomes attached to another from a pair
e.g. an extra chromo 21 attached to 14 can cause down syndrome as well

DAT BIOLOGY (14 decks)

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