Chapter 6 Electronic Structure and Chemical Periodicity Flashcards
Periodic Law
When elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, elements with similar chemical behavior occur ar periodic intervals
Period
Horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
Group
vertical column of elements in the periodic table
Alkali Metal
General name for any element in the IA group of the periodic table excluding hydrogen. Soft shiny. React well with water
Alkaline Earth Metal
general name for any element in the IIA group. Soft and shiny. Only moderately reactive with water.
Halogen
Group VIIA. Very reactive colored substances that are gases at room temperature
Noble Gas
Group VIIIA. Unreactive gases. Undergo few chemical reactions if any
Quantized Property
property that can only have certain values. Only certain values allowed.
Electron Shell
region of space about a nucleus that contains electrons that have approximately the same energy and spend most of their time approximately the same distance from the nucleus
Electron Subshell
region of space within an electron shell taht contains electrons that have the same energy
Order of Subshells
S P D F (energy increases from S to F)
Electron Orbital
region of space within an electron subshell where an electron with a specific energy is most likely to be found
Characteristics of Electron Orbitals
1) The number of orbitals in a subshell varies, being one for an S shell, 3 for a P shell, five for a D shell, and seven for an F shell
2) The max number of an electrons does not vary. It is always two
3) The notation used to designate orbitals is the same as that used for sub shells. Thus orbitals in the 4F sub shell (7) are all called 4f sub shells
Electron Spin
property of an electron associated with the concept that an electron is spinning on its own axis.
Electron Configuration
statement of how many electrons has in each of its sub shells. Consists of a number for the shell followed by a letter for the sub shell plus a superscript number indicating how many electrons are in that shell
Aufbau Diagram
listing of electron sub shells in the order in which electrons occupy them
Condensed Electron Configuration
electron configuration in which the chemical symbol of the nearest noble gas element of the lower atomic number used to represent the electrons in the configuration up to that noble gas, and the remaining additional electrons are then appended to the chemical symbol of the noble gas.
Core Electrons
inner shell electrons of an atom that are not normally involved in determining the chemical properties of the atom.
Outer Electrons
electrons in the condensed notation after the noble gas
Hund’s Rule
when electrons are placed in a set of orbitals of equal energy (the orbitals of a sub shell), the order of filling for the orbitals is such that each orbital of the subshell receives an electron with the same spin before any orbital receives a second electron of the opposite spin
Paired Electrns
two electrons of opposite spin in the same orbital
Unpaired Electron
single electron in an orbital
Paramagnetic Atom
atom that has an electron arrangement containing one or more unpaired electrons
Diamagnetic Atom
an atom that has an electron arrangement in which all electrons are paired.
Distinguishing Electron
last electron added to the elements configuration when the configuration is written according to the aufbau principle
Writing Electron Configurations Using the Periodic Table
1) Begin with hydrogen and helium
2) Continue through the elements in other periods, in order of increasing atomic number
3) As you move across a period:
a. add electrons to the ns sub shell as you pass through the s area.
b. add electrons to the np sub shell as you pass through the p area
c. add electrons to the (n-1)d sub shell as you pass through the d area.
d. add electrons to the (n-2)f sub shell as you pass through the f area
4) Continue until you reach an element whose electron configuration you are writing.
Metal
an element that has the characteristic properties of luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability.
Nonmetal
an element characterized by the absence of luster, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, and malleability
Representative Element
an element located in the s area or the first five columns of the p area.(the p area minus the noble gases)
Transition Element
Elements located in the d area. All are metals
Inner-transitional Elements
Located in the f area.
Chemical Periodicity
variation in properties of elements as a function of their position in the periodic table.
Metalloid
an element with properties in between metals and nonmetals
Semiconductor
element that does not conduct electricity at room temperature but does at higher temperatures.
