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Biology 4/6 > Chapter 6: DNA and Gene Expression > Flashcards

Chapter 6: DNA and Gene Expression Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is DNA so valuable?

A

because all organisims carry DNA in almost every cell in their body, and every person’s DNA is unique

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2
Q

who discovered DNA structure?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953

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3
Q

the double helix is held together by

A

hydrogen bonds

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4
Q

_ to _ at ends: _ to _ at top of DNA strands

A

3,5: 5,3

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5
Q

DNA contains the genetic information that carries

A

the detailed information required to build an organism and keep it running

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6
Q

the central dogma information in a cell flows from

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

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7
Q

genome

A

a organisms complete set of DNA

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8
Q

chromosome

A

linear or circular pice of DNA with specific base pair sequence that contains many genes

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9
Q

gene

A

sequences of nucleotides on a chromosome that carries information for a protein or RNA, also code for different forms

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10
Q

alleles

A

code for the same trait, any characteristic or feature of an organism such as a flower color, eye color, height

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11
Q

noncoding DNA

A

DNA that does not code for proteins

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12
Q

How do genes work?

A

genes are the storehouse of information with 2 step process of transcription and translation

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13
Q

transcription

A

gene sequence copied from DNA to go between molecule call mRNA

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14
Q

translation

A

gene sequence is now encoded in mRNA that directs production of a protein

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15
Q

what is the difference between DNA and RNA?

A

DNA is double-stranded and contains sugar deoxyribose while RNA is signal stranded and contains ribose

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16
Q

base in DNA adnine (A) goes to

A

base in RNA uracil (U)

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17
Q

Base in DNA Thymine (T)

A

based in RNA Adenine (A)

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18
Q

Base is DNA Cytosine (C)

A

base in Guanine (G)

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19
Q

Base in DNA Guanine (G)

A

base in RNA Cytosine (C)

20
Q

Types of RNA

A

messenger RNA, Transfer RNA, Ribosomoal RNA

21
Q

messenger RNA

A

template for protein synthesis, end product of transcription

22
Q

transfer RNA

A

translates the mRNA sequence

23
Q

Ribosomoal RNA

A

Part of the ribosome, workbench for protein synthesis

24
Q

Transciption

A

syenthesis of RNA copy of a gene sequence

25
Q

the transcription 4 step process is

A

recognize and bind, transcribe, terminate, and cap and edit

26
Q

recognize and bind

A

RNA polymerase recognizes a DNA sequence called the promoter and tells RNA to “start here”

27
Q

transcribe

A

RNA polymerase builds a copy of the gene from the DNA molecule

28
Q

termination

A

RNA polymerase recognizes a termination signal, recognized as a place to stop

29
Q

cap and edit

A

in eukaryotes, mRNAs receive extra processing before they can be translated into protein

30
Q

translation

A

RNA sequence translated into an amino acid sequence, requires mRNA, a ribosome, tRNAs

31
Q

the genetic code

A

20 different amino acids used to build proteins, 4 nucleotides to code for these amnio acids

32
Q

how many codons are there?

A

64

33
Q

mRNA is read in groups of

A

3 nucleotides

34
Q

tRNA

A

translates the mRNA

35
Q

anti-codon

A

3 base sequence that matches up with a three-base sequence on the mRNA

36
Q

start codon (AUG) marks the starting point for translation and codes for

A

methionine while also setting up the reading frame

37
Q

termination occurs when

A

ribosome reaches a stop codon (UAG, UAA, OR UGA)

38
Q

translation-initiation

A

methionine tRNA binds to starting AUG, large ribosomal subunit joins the complex

39
Q

translation-elongation

A

the next 3 bases of the mRNA specify which tRNA molecule should bind to the mRNA, ribosome now slides one codon down the mRNA

40
Q

Translation-Termination

A

when ribosome reaches a stop codon a release factor binds instead of an amino acid

41
Q

mutations

A

alterations in the base-pair sequence of an individuals DNA

42
Q

mutations in non-sex cells are

A

somatic and not passed on along to the next generation

43
Q

mutations in sex-cells (gamets) have

A

no adverse effects on the individual carrying them, can be passed on to the next generation

44
Q

two major types of changes to DNA may occur in

A

point mutations and chromosomal aberrations

45
Q

point mutations

A

only on nucleotide is changed and is changes with a single base pair

46
Q

chromosomal aberrations

A

alteration of entire sections of a chromosome and includes removal of genes and duplication of genes

Biology 4/6 (2 decks)

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