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Abnormal Psychology Exam 2 > Chapter 6: Disorders of the Mood > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Disorders of the Mood Flashcards

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1
Q

Depression

A

Low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms

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2
Q

Mania

A

State or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking

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3
Q

Depressive Disorders

A

Group of disorders marked by unipolar depression

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4
Q

Unipolar Depression

A

Depression without a history of mania

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5
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

Disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression

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6
Q

Gender That Is More Likely to Experience a Depressive/Manic Episode

A

Women

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7
Q

Unipolar Depression Emotional Symptoms

A

Sad, dejected, crying spells,
Describe themselves as “miserable, empty, humiliated”,
Lose sense of humor, little pleasure,
Anxiety, anger, agitation

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8
Q

Unipolar Depression Motivational Symptoms

A

Lose desire to pursue their usual activities,

Lack of drive, initiative, spontaneity

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9
Q

Unipolar Depression Behavioral Symptoms

A

Less active and less productive,

Move/speak more slowly

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10
Q

Unipolar Depression Cognitive Symptoms

A

Negative views of themselves,
Blame themselves for every bad event,
Pessimism

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11
Q

Unipolar Depression Physical Symptoms

A

Headaches, indegestion, constipation, dizzy spells,

Disturbances in sleep and appetites

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12
Q

Major Depressive Disorder

A

Severe pattern of unipolar depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

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13
Q

Dysthymic Disorder

A

Mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than MDD

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14
Q

Premenstrual Dsyphoric Disorder

A

Disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

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15
Q

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

A

Combo of persistent depressive symptoms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper

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16
Q

Family Pedigree Studies

A

Determining if family members of a person with depression also show symptoms,
Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

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17
Q

Twin Studies

A

Both twins likely to have depression if one of them does,

Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

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18
Q

Molecular Biology

A

Determine whether gene abnormalities relate to depression of that person,
Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

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19
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder,
Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

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20
Q

Serotonin

A

Neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders,
Low serotonin = more likely to have depression,
Biological Model of Unipolar Depression

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21
Q

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A

ECT,
Electrodes are attached to a patient’s head and send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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22
Q

MAO Inhibitors

A

Antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase,
Stops the destruction of norepinephrine,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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23
Q

Tricyclics

A

Antidepressant drug such as impiramine that has 3 rings in its molecular structure,
Act of neurotransmitter ‘reuptake’ mechanisms,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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24
Q

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

A

Group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting the other neurotransmitters,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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25
Q

Vagus Nerve Simulation

A

Treatment in which an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a person’s vagus nerve; which then stimulates the brain,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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26
Q

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

A

Treatment where an electromagnetic coil is placed on or above a person’s head and sends a current into the brain,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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27
Q

Deep Brain Stimulation

A

Pacemaker powers electrodes implanted in Bordmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area,
Biological Model Treatment of Unipolar Depression

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28
Q

Psychodynamic Method of Unipolar Depression

A

Not strongly supported by research

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29
Q

Behavior Method of Unipolar Depression

A

Received moderate support

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30
Q

Cognitive Method of Unipolar Depression

A

Considerable research support and gained a large following

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31
Q

Psychodynamic Model of Unipolar Depression

A

Sigmund Freud and Karl Abraham developed the first explanation and treatment for depression with emphasis on dependence

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32
Q

Symbolic (Imagined) Loss

A

The loss of a valued object (employment, etc) that is unconsciously interpreted as the lost of a loved one

33
Q

Psychodynamic Treatment for Unipolar Depression

A

Free association therapy while suggesting interpretations of the client’s associations, dreams, and displays of resistance

34
Q

Behavioral Model of Unipolar Depression

A

Believe depression results from significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives

35
Q

Behavioral Treatment for Unipolar Depression

A

Increase number of rewards experienced

36
Q

Steps In The Behavioral Treatment for Unipolar Depression

A
  1. Therapist chooses fun activities directed to patient
  2. Therapist ignores depressive behaviors and rewards happy ones
  3. Clients are trained to have effective social skills
37
Q

Cognitive Model of Unipolar Depression

A

Believe people with depression persistently view events in negative ways and that such perceptions lead to their depression

38
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

The perception, based on past experience, that one has no control over one’s reinforcements and that they are responsible for this helpless state

39
Q

Cognitive Triad

A

3 Forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed,

  1. Experiences
  2. Themselves
  3. Their Futures
40
Q

Automatic Thoughts

A

Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction

41
Q

Cognitive Steps of Treatment of Unipolar Depression (4)

A
  1. Increase activities and elevating mood
  2. Challenging automatic thoughts
  3. Identifying negative thinking and biases
  4. Changing primary attitudes
42
Q

Cognitive Therapy

A

Helps people identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that help cause their psychological disorders

43
Q

Sociocultural Model of Unipolar Depression

A

Unipolar depression is greatly influenced by the social context that surrounds people

44
Q

Family-Social Perspective of Sociocultural Model for Unipolar Depression

A

A decline in social rewards is important in the development of depression,
Divorce/not happy marriage can lead to depression

45
Q

Treatment For Family-Social Perspective of Sociocultural Model for Unipolar Depression

A

Interpersonal Psychotherapy,

Couple Therapy

46
Q

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

A

Based on the belief that clarifying and changing one’s interpersonal problems will help lead to one’s recovery,
Consists of 4 problems that lead to depression

47
Q

Interpersonal Loss

A

Loss of loved one

48
Q

Interpersonal Role Dispute

A

Different expectations of the 2 people in a relationship

49
Q

Interpersonal Role Transition

A

Major life changes

50
Q

Interpersonal Deficits

A

Prevent someone from having intimate relationships,

Extreme shyness, awkwardness, etc

51
Q

Couple Therapy

A

Therapist works with 2 people who share a long-term relationship

52
Q

Multicultural Perspective of Sociocultural Model for Unipolar Depression

A

Gender and Depression,

Cultural Background and Depression

53
Q

Gender and Depression

A

Women are 2 times as likely than men

54
Q

Artifact Theory

A

Gender and Depression,

Men and women are equally prone but clinicians fail to detect depression in men

55
Q

Hormone Explanation

A

Gender and Depression,

Hormone changes trigger depression in many women (along with other factors)

56
Q

Life Stress Theory

A

Gender and Depression,

Women in society experience more stress than men

57
Q

Body Dissatisfaction Explanation

A

Gender and Depression,

Females (in western society) are taught to seek a low body weight and very slender body shape

58
Q

Lack-of-Control Theory

A

Gender and Depression,

Women feel less control than men over their lives, helplessness

59
Q

Rumination Theory

A

Gender and Depression,

Women more likely to ruminate

60
Q

Ruminate

A

Keep focusing on one’s feelings when depressed

61
Q

Cultural Background and Depression

A

Beyond core symptoms, precise picture of depression varies from country to country

62
Q

Treatment for Multicultural Perspective of Sociocultural Model for Unipolar Depression

A

Culture-sensitive therapies seek to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups

63
Q

Bipolar Disorder

A

People experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania (emotional roller coaster)

64
Q

Symptoms of Mania (9)

A 
Dramatic and inappropriate rises in mood and activity,
Powerful emotions,
Irritability and anger,
Want constant excitement, involvement, companionship,
Very active, move quickly, talk rapidly,
Flamboyance,
Poor judgment and planning,
Optimistic and high self-esteem,
Little sleep but not tired
65
Q

How Is Bipolar Disorder Diagnosed?

A

Patient displays an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity/energy + 3 other mania symptoms for at least 1 week to = a full manic episode

66
Q

Less Sever Symptoms of Manic Episode

A

Hypomanic Episode

67
Q

Bipolar 1 Disorder

A

Full manic and major depressive episodes

68
Q

Bipolar 2 Disorder

A

Mild manic and major depressive episodes

69
Q

Cyclothymic Disorder

A

Numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms,
Occur for 2+ years,
Equal between men and women

70
Q

Neurotransmitters As Cause To Bipolar Disorder

A

High norepinephrine activity,

May be linked to low serotonin

71
Q

Ion Activity As Cause To Bipolar Disorder

A

Irregularities in the transport of these ions cause neurons to fire too easily (mania) or too stubbornly and resist firing (depression)

72
Q

Brain Structure As Cause To Bipolar Disorder

A

Different parts in brain are abnormal or vary in size (basal ganglia and cerebellum are usually smaller than normal)

73
Q

Genetic Factors As Cause To Bipolar Disorder

A

Genetic abnormalities probably combine to help bring about bipolar disorders

74
Q

Lithium

A

Used as treatment for bipolar disorder,

Metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment

75
Q

Mood-Stabilizing Drugs

A

Used as treatment for bipolar disorder,

Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar disorder

76
Q

Second Messengers

A

Used as treatment for bipolar disorder,

Chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds

77
Q

Neuroprotective Proteins

A

Used as treatment for bipolar disorder,
Key proteins with certain neurons whose job it is to prevent cell death,
Increase health and functioning of those cells

78
Q

Adjunctive Psychotherapy

A

Psychotherapy rarely works by itself, same with the stabilizing drugs,
Use group, family, individual, couple therapy in adjunctive to the mood stabilizing drugs

Abnormal Psychology Exam 2 (3 decks)

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