Chapter 6: Diseases of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

Name the main constituents of the innate immune response:

A

1) Epithelial barrier
2) Phagocytic cells (macrophages neutrophils)
3) NK cells
4) Complement
5) Dendritic cells

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2
Q

How does TLRs work?

A

1) Binds PAMP

2) Through NF-kappa-B activates the cll to secrete cytokines which recruits leukocytes.

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3
Q

Main reactions of innate immunity:

A

1) Inflammation - cytokines and complement

2) antiviral - Interferon type I acts on cells and activates enzymes that degrade viral nucelic acids.

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4
Q

NLRs?

A

Nod like receptors - activates inflammasome which cleaves IL-1 and makes it acctive - pro inflammatory.

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5
Q

Main constituents of the adaptive immune response:

A

1) Lymphocytes and their secreted proteins

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6
Q

Humoral immunity:

A

Adaptive branch - extracellular microbes defense. - mediated by B-cells and antigens

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7
Q

Cell mediated immunity?

A

Adaptive branch - intracellular immunity - mediated by T-cells

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8
Q

Innate cytokines:

A

TNF, IL-1, IL-12, Type I interferons, IFN-gamma.

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9
Q

Adaptive cytokines:

A

IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-17

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10
Q

Immune surpressive cytokines:

A

IL-19 and TGF-Beta

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11
Q

Colony stimulating cytokines:

A

CSF (GM-CSF in particular granulocyt macrophage) and IL-7.

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12
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

A harmful immune reaction to a given antigen.

1) can be elictid by self or non-self antigens
2) Usually imbalance between effector mechanisms and control mechanisms.

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13
Q

Hypersensitivity classification:

A

Type I = Immediate (Th2, IgE and Mast cells)
Type 2 = Antybody mediated
Type 3 = Immune complexes
Type 4 = cell mediated

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14
Q

Type I sensitivity pathogenesis:

A

1) exposure to antigen and bynding by APC
2) APC show to T-cell - differentiate into Th2
3) IL-4 (IgE switch 0 more th2), IL-5 (eosinophiles) and IL-13 (enhances IgE prod.) is produced and T

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15
Q

Mediators within mast cell granules:

A

1) vasoactive amines - eg histamine
2) Enzymes - proteases
3) Proteoglycans - eg heparin (anticoagulant)
4) Arachnoid acid derivviates - eg prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet activating factor
5) cytokines - IL-1, TNF, IL-4,

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16
Q

What is late phase reaction?

A

In the type 1 response it is induction of chronic inflammation by eosinphile granulocytes.

17
Q

Type II hypersensitivity:

A

1) antibodies on cells
2) activates complement
3) complement C3a etc leads to recruitment of leukocytes and increase in vascular permability.
4) leukocytes activated by complement and AB.

18
Q

Type III hypersensitivity:

A

1) Formation of immune complexes by binding of many antibodies to the same antigen. (both exogenous and endogenous antigens)
2) Depositions of immune complexes in the vessel walls.
3) inflammation

19
Q

Type IV hypersensitivity:

A

1) APC shows antigen to CD4 T-cell - T-cell differentiates into Th1 or Th17 Subset.
2) T-cell secretes cytokines
3) cytokines are pro-inflammatory.

20
Q

Mechanisms of autoimmunity:

A

1) defective tolerance or regulation
2) Abnormal display of self antigens
3) Inflammation or initial innate immune response