Chapter 6: Depressive and Bipolar disorders Flashcards
Answer:
what percent of the US adult population suffers from unipolar depression in any given year?
what percent suffer mild form?
8%
5% suffer mild form
Answer:
what percent of adults experience unipolar depression at some time in their lives?
20%
Answer:
When is the average onset of unipolar depression?
19 years old
List:
Types of symptoms of depression
5 points
- emotional symptoms
- motivational symptoms
- behavioral symptoms
- cognitive symptoms
- physical symptoms
List:
types of depressive disorders
3 points
- major depressive disorder
- persistent depressive disorder
- premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Define:
Major depressive episode
for a 2 week period, person displays an increase in depressed mood for the majority of each day and/or a decrease in enjoyment or interest across most activities for the majority of each day
list:
Symptoms of depression
6 points ( 2 weeks person experiences 3-4 of these symptoms)
- weight/appetite change
- daily insomnia/hypersomnia
- daily agitation or decrease in motor activity
- daily fatigue/lethargy
- daily feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt
- daily reduction in concentration or decisiveness
Define:
Major depressive disorder
2 points
- presence of a major depressive episode
- no pattern of mania or hypomania
Define:
Persistent depressive disorder
4 points
- person experiences the symptoms of major or mild depression for at least 2 years
- during the 2-year period, symptoms not absent for more than 2 months at a time
- no history of mania
- significant distress or impairment
Answer:
How does stress and unipolar depression relate
80% of severe episodes occur within a month or two of a significant negative event
List:
Kinds of depression
2 points
- reactive (exogenous) depression
- endogenous depression
Define:
Exogenous depression
depression triggers by situational stress
Define
endogenous depression
depression caused by physical factors
List:
biochemical factors of depression
- low activity of serotonin
- low activity of norepinephrine
What are:
MAO inhibitors
what do they treat
increases activity level of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine
unipolar depression
List:
examples of MAO inhibitors
2 points
- iproniazid
- tyramine
Answer:
how do Tricyclics work
what do they treat
acts on neurotransmitter reuptake mechanism of key neurons; biological corrections
unipolar depression
List:
second generation antidepressants
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (increase serotonin activity w/o affecting other transmitters)
- selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors that increase norepinephrine activty only
- serotonin-norepinephrine activity only
what is:
brain stimulation
biological treatments that directly or indirectly stimulate certain areas of the brain
List:
methods of brain stimulation
4 points
- electroconvulsive therapy
- vagus nerve stimulation
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- deep brain stimulation
Answer:
how do freud and Abraham explain depression
when someone experiences real or imagined losses
Answer:
How do object relations theorists explain depression
results when people’s relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure
List:
psychodynamic treatments for unipolar depression
2 points
- free association
- interpretations of client associations, dreams and displays of resistanve and transference
Answer:
How does the cognitive behavioral model explain depression
depression results from problematic behaviors and dysfunctional thinking
List:
theoretical perspectives of unipolar depression
3 points
- behavioral dimension
- negative thinking
- complex cognitivie behavioral factor interplay
List:
aspects of behavioral dimension
Lewinsohn and others
- number of life rewards related to presence or absence of depression
- large reduction in positive life rewards may cause fewer positive behaviors, even lower positive rewards rate, and eventual depression
- social rewars are important in downward depression spiral
- strong relationship between positive life events and feelings of life satisfaction and happiness
Answer:
what is negaitive thinking according to Beck
depression produced by a combination of maladaptive attitudes, cognitive triad, errors in thinking and automatic thoughts
Answer:
what is negative thinking according to watkins and collegues
ruminative responses during depressed moods are linked to longer feelings of dejection and increased liklihood of later life clinical depressions
List:
phases of cognitive behavioral therapy
- Phase 1: increasing activities and elevating mood
- Phase 2: challenging automatic thoughts
- Phase 3: identify negative thinking and biases
- Phase 4: changing primary attitudes
List
symptoms of mania
6 points
- gradiosity or overblown self esteem
- reduced sleep need
- rapidly shifting ideas or the sense that one’s thoughts are moving fast
- attention pulled in many directions
- heightened activity or agititated movements
- excessive pursuit of risky and potentially problematic activities
Answer:
How do you diagnose Bipolar I disorder?
2 points
- occurance of a manic episode
- hypomanic or major depressive episodes may precede or follow the manic episode
Answer:
How do you diagnose Bipolar II disorder?
- presence or history of major depressive episode(s)
- presence or history of hypomanic episode(s)
- no history of a manic episode
Answer:
What is cyclothymic disorder?
Milder form of bipolar disorder
Answer:
What percentage of people suffer from bipolar disorder
what percent have had it in their life
1 -2.8%
4.4%
Answer:
Neurotransmitter activity as it relates to bipolar disorder
mania in particular
Mania may be related to high epinephrine activity along with a low level of serotonin activity
Answer:
ion activity as it relates to bipolar disorder
improper transport of ions back and forth between the outside and the inside of a neurons membrane
List:
abnormal brain structures in patients with bipolar disorder?
2 points
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
List:
genetic factors of bipolar disorders
3 points ( how do they study it)
- people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorders
- family pedigree studies
- molecular biology techniques
List:
drugs effective in treating mania
3 points
- lithium
- anti-seizure
- antipsychotics
