Chapter 4 Anxiety, OCD and related disorders Flashcards
Define:
fear
central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to a serious threat to one’s well-being
Define:
anxiety
central nervous system’s physiological and emotional response to vague sense of threat or danger
What is:
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
Answer:
in any given year what percentage of the U.S adult population experiences one of the six DSM-5 anxiety disorder
19%
Answer:
about what percentage develop an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives
31%
Answer:
what percentage of people seek treatment for anxiety disorders
42%
List:
GAD characterization
3 points
- excessive anxiety experienced under most circumstances
- worry about anything “free floating anxiety”
- reduced quality of life
Answer:
what percent of the US population is affected by GAD
4 %
Answer:
what is the ratio of women to men affected by affected by GAD
2:1
What is:
sociocultural perspective of GAD
most likely develop in people faced with dangerous ongoing social conditions or highly threatened environments
List:
forms of societal stress (GAD)
3 points
- poverty
- race and ethnicity
- widespread illness
define:
separation anxiety
anxiety disorder feel extreme anxiety and panic when separated from key people in their lives
Answer:
what is the most common anxiety disorder among children
separation anxiety
Answer:
what does freud say about GAD?
2 points
- children feel some degree of anxiety levels or inadequate defense mechanisms
- GAD occurs with high anxiety levels or inadequate defense mechanisms
Answer:
todays psychodynamic theorists think GAD is caused by
early parent-child relationships
List:
Psychodynamic therapies for GAD
3 points
- free association
- therapist interpretations of transference, resistance and
- dreams to reduce fear of id impulses and control
Answer:
how do object relations therapists help patients with GAD
help patients identify and settle early relationship problems
What is:
humanistic perspective of GAD
arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
What is:
carl rogers explanation for GAD
2 points
- lack of unconditional positive regard in childhood conditions of worth
- threatening self-judgements break through and cause anxiety
What is:
humanistic centered therapy
2 points
- client centered therapy used to show unconditional positive regard for clients
- only limited support for rogers’ explanation of GAD
What is:
biological perspective of GAD
GAD caused by bio factors
fear reactions are tied to brain circuts
Answer:
what type of drug helps with anxiety
benzodiazepines
List:
examples of benzodiazepines
3 points
- alprazolam
- lorazepam
- diazepam
Answer:
what was used in the early 1950’s drug therapy for GAD
barbiturates (sedative- hypnotics)
Answer:
what were the late 1950’s drug therapy for GAD
Benzodiazepines
Answer:
how do phobias differ from fear
3 points
- more intense and persistent fear
- greater desire to avoid the feared object or situation
- create distress that interferes with functioning
List:
categories of phobia
2 points
- specific phobias
- agoraphobia
Answer:
what percent of people in the US have a specific phobia
9%
Answer:
what percent of people experience phobia symptoms during their lifetime?
13%
List:
specific phobias characterizations
4 points
- persistent and disproportionate fear of particular object or situation lasting at least 6 months
- exposure to the object produces immediate fear
- avoidance of feared situation
- significant distress or impairment
Answer:
what percent of the US population suffers from Agoraphobia
1%
Answer:
what percent of agoraphobics seek treatment
46%
List:
agoraphobia characterizations
6 points
- pronounced disproportionate or repeated fear about being in at least two delineated situations
- fear that it would be hard to escape or get help if panic, embarrassment or disabling symptoms occur
- avoidance of agoraphobic situations
- symptoms last 6 months
- significant distress
- recurrence happens after therapy sometimes
Answer:
how do fears become entrenched
once fears are acquired individuals avoid dreaded object or situation
List:
ways fears are learned
2 points
- classical conditioning
- modeling
Answer:
What is Behavioral- evolutionary explaination of phobias
Some specific phobias are much more common than others
Define:
Preparedness
Species-specific biological predisposition to develop certain fears
List:
Treatments for specific phobias
3 points
- systematic desensitization
- flooding
- modeling
List:
Treatments for Agoraphobia
3 points
- exposure therapy
- support groups
- home based self help groups
Answer:
About how many people relapse after therapy for Agoraphobia
half
Answer:
what percentage of the U.S. population suffers from Social Anxiety Disorder
7%
Answer:
what percentage of people experience social anxiety symptoms in their life
12%
Answer:
When does social anxiety start
late childhood/ adolescence and into adulthood
Answer:
What percentage of people seek treatment for Social anxiety
40%
List:
Checklist of social anxiety
5 points
- Pronounced, disproportionate, and repeated anxiety about social situation(s) in which the individual could be exposed to scrutiny by others; typically lasting 6 months or more
- fear of being negatively evaluated by or offensive to others
- exposure to social situation almost always produces anxiety
- Avoidance of feared situation
- Significant distress or impairment
Answer:
According to the cognitive behavioral perspective what causes social anxiety
- group of social realm dysfunctional beliefs and expectations held; anticipation of social disasters and dread of social situations
- avoidance and safety behaviors performed to reduce or prevent these disasters
- tied to genetic predispositions, trait tendencies, biological abnormalities, traumatic childhood experiences, overprotective parent- child interactions
List:
two distinct features of social anxiety
2 points (duh)
- overwhelming social fears
- lack of social skills
List:
Treatments for overwhelming social fears
2 points
- medications ( Benzodiazepine or antidepressants)
- cognitive - behavioral therapy (exposure therapy)
List:
treatments for lack of social skills
2 points
- social skills and assertiveness training
- training groups
Define:
Panic attack
periodic, short bouts of panic that occur suddenly, reach a peak within minutes, and gradually pass
List
symptoms of panic attacks
11 points
- heart palpitations
- tingling in hands/feet
- shortness of breath
- sweating
- hot/cold flashes
- trembling
- chest pains
- choking sensations
- faintness
- dizziness
- feeling of unreality
Answer:
what percent of the U.S population experience panic disorder yearly?
3%
Answer:
What percent of people experience symptoms of panic disorder during lifetime
5%
Answer:
When does panic disorder begin
late adolescence or early adulthood
list:
Checklist for panic disorder
4 points
- unforeseen panic attacks occur repeatedly
- one or more of the attacks precede either of the following symptoms
- at least a month of continual concern about having additional attacks
- at least one month of dysfunctional behavior changes associated with the attacks
Answer:
What is the early biological perspective of panic disorder
panic attacks caused by abnormal norepinephrine activity in locus ceruleus
Answer:
what is the recent biological perspective of panic disorder
- brain circuits and Amygdala are more complex root of the problem
- may be inherited predisposition to abnormalities in these areas
List:
parts of the panic circuit
5 points
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
- central gray matter
- Locus coeruleus
Answer:
What is the cognitive-behavioral therapy for panic attacks
seeks to correct people’s misinterpretations of their bodily sensations
list:
strategies used in cognitive- behavioral therapy
3 points
- educate about nature of panic attacks
- teach applications of more accurate interpretations
- teach skills for coping with anxiety, including biological challenge procedures
Define:
Obsessions
persistent thoughts, ideas, impulses, or images that seem to invade a person’s consciousness
Define:
Compulsions
repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform to prevent or reduce anxiety
Answer
what percentage of the world population is affected by OCD
1.2%
Answer:
When does OCD typically begin
childhood or young adulthood
List:
checklist of OCD
3 points
- occurrence of repeated obsessions, compulsions, or both
- obsessions/compulsions take up considerable time
- significant distress or impairment
list:
Features of obsessions
- thoughts that feel both intrusive and foreign
- attempts to ignore or resist them trigger anxiety
- Awareness that thoughts are excessive
List:
Basic themes of OCD
5 points
- dirt/contamination
- violence and aggression
- orderliness
- religion
- sexuality
list:
Features of compulsions
5 points
- various forms of voluntary behaviors or mental acts
- feel mandatory/unstoppable
- recognition that behaviors are unreasonable
- performing behaviors reduces anxiety for a short time
- behaviors often develop into rituals
list:
Themes of compulsions
4 points
- cleaning compulsions
- checking compulsions
- order or balance
- touching, verbalizing, and/or counting compulsions
what is:
psychodynamic theory of OCD
battle between the id and ego defense machanisms lessens anxiety in overt thoughts amd actions
Answer:
what stage of development does frued think OCD comes from
Anal
List:
treatments for OCD
2 points
psychodynamic
- free association
- therapist interpretation
little research support
What is:
cognitive behavioral perspective
OCD
disorder grows fro human tendencies to have unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thoughts
What is:
cognitive behavioral therapy
OCD
