Chapter 6: Communication Flashcards
Definition of communication
Provision of information from a sender to a receiver
Definition of signals
acts\structures that affet the behavior of other organisms and have evolved because of those effect
name five manners of communication
- simple communication (ie bacteria, w\o cognative abilities)
- non-informative (lack of cognition)
- passive communication (swim movements, exhaling, etc)
- auto-communication (echolocation)
- informative communication (incl. cognition, ie: alarm Calls, waggle Dance)
how much greater is the auditory ability of marine Mammals compared to land Mammals?
2-3x
aquatic animals communicate more in the water, semi-aquatic animals communicate more in the air.
sound travels from 1-100km, compared to light, which travels 100m-10km
what is the difference in larynx structure between pinnipeds and baleen whales?
Pinn- well developed. diff btwn male and female
baleen- unusual laryngeal sac and nasal passages
what is so unique about the larynx for toothed whales?
the artenoid and eppiglottal cartilages elongated to beak-like structures which separte respiratory tract from the mouth\esophagus.
-REDUCES RISK OF CHOKING: BREATHE AND SWALLOW AT SAME TIME!
> > review ‘sound productoin pinnipeds’ in textbook, the variation between seals.
slide 8/32 of Chapter 6
Look up the hooded seals. is it just that they have the inflatable nasal Hood and septum?
the inflatable nasal Hood and septum is a visal and Acoustic display. look this up.
How do sirenians vocalize?
underwater without emitting air, but mechanism is unknown
how do polar bears produce sound?
laryngeal mechanisms of terrestrial Mammals, lip vibrations
how do mysticetes produce sound?
resonator: unusual laryngeal sac and nasal passages.
Which species creates the loudest sound of all animals in the animal Kingdom?
sperm whale
What is unique about sperm whales and how they use sound?
- they are the loudest animal of the animal Kingdom
- they use interclick intervals. This is especially effective due to their body size
review Source filter models (slide 14/32)
do it
define autocommunication
what type of animals usually use this form?
signals are sent out to create a returning sound from obstacles
- information about location, size and composition of environment/prey
- mostly high frequency clicks and sweeps
- bats, odontocetes, shrews, birds
What allows dolphins to use echolocation?
their brains are capable of very rapid autidory processing
What is ICI?
inter click interval. it Equals the round trip and lag time.
slide 18/32, ‘belubas ici are less than Return time: process Whole click trains’ . look this up in the textbook
yup
Prob read up on all echolocation stuff. notes are confusing.
‘Porpoise’s echolocation are 5-10x longer but half the bandwidth (of whom?), less loud.
>How are porpoises able to transmit such high frequencies?
they have inner ears which are specialized for high frequency audition
How deep can sperm whales send their clicks? what kind of frequency do they have?
clicks at a lower frequency.
Depths up to 400m
Do bowheads use echolocation?
bowheads use ECHOs from Calls to detect ice obstacles
Do seals use echolocation?
they sometimes use high frequency clicks but nothing proven
what are Three types of definitions for communication?
- true communication: Exchange of info that benefit both sender and receiver
- manipulatin communication: benefits the signaller at a cost to the receiver
- eavesdropping or iterception: benefits the receiver at cost to the signaller
read up on the page about repertoires (slide 24/32). regarding Calls, distinct Calls and varations
- distinct Calls are signature whistles and dialects
- variations are graded info that may carry info on emotional state, alertness, excitement, heirarchy, danger, Food, etc.
what are Calls often comprised of?
patterned combinations, combined With other displays such as hooded seals, jaw clapping dolphins
which types of whales can transmit Calls greater than 1000km? What type of frequencies are these Calls? what are the Calls like?
fin whales, blue whales. low freq.
signals are loud, stereotyped, spectrally simple, long, repetitive, and temporally patterend.
name some examples of vocal learning
- acousitic mimicry: belugas
- dialects of resident orcas in BC
- humpback whale songs
- geographical variances such as most seals, humpys
how can Acoustics affect cnservation?
- Acoustic monitoring can be a useful tool for distribution and abundance estimates
- Man made noise can iterfere and become a problem for marine Mammals.
Pinnipeds:
- which species uses expansive dorsal tracheal vibrations? what does this allow it to do?
- which species uses vocal folds? how is this different from the prior?
- bearded seals, continuous underwater song
- weddel seals, can’t continuous underwater sing
which species uses expansive dorsal tracheal vibrations? what is its result?
which species uses vocal folds? how is it different?
bearded seals, continuous underwater singing.
weddell seals. no continuous underwater singing.
What is an important result of human vocal filtering?
what are three important non-linear phenomena in M.Mammals?
formants
-subharmonics, biphonation, deterministic chaos.
