Chapter 4: Neural Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

how does the brain size of mytecetes compare to odondecetes?

A

Mysticetes<odontocetes

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2
Q

Explain the ‘big brain evolution’.

A
  • Co-Evolution

- Humans, Whales, Elephants

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3
Q

Social Intelligence Hypothesis

A
  • not challenges in physical environment but social environment (cooperation, coordination, recognition of others, deception) lead to a flexible, intelligent mind.
  • social interaction shapes the brain.
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4
Q

name the 7 main areas of the brain

A
  • Telencephaton
  • Cranial nerves
  • Diencephalon
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Myencephalon
  • Cerebellum
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5
Q

Where in the brain will you find optic inputs, processing and receiving center for vestibular and auditory systems, skin sense, and Echo Location?

A

The midbrain

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6
Q

Where in the brain occurs the inputs to and from regions of the brain to the cerebellum?

A

Pons

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7
Q

Where does the brain process stress and fine regulation of movement?

A

Telencephaton

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8
Q

Where in the brain are the ‘thalamus?

What do the ‘thalamuses do?

A

Diencephalon.

  • epi: visceral & pineal control over olfactory reflexes
  • sub: etrapyrimidal motor skills
  • hypo: endocrine glands, tone, arousal, emotion
  • dorsal: sensory & motor info to cerebral cortex
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9
Q

Where are the somatic and visceral nerves? (eyes, tongue, muscle of jaw, face larynx, pharynx)

A

Myencephalon

Medula oblongata

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10
Q

Where in the brain is the control of the position of the body in space and time, sensorimotor commands?

A

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Where in the brain is the olfactory nerve, opti nerve large vestibulocochlear nerve? what do they do?

A

cranial nerves.

  • ol: reproduction, secretions, vocalisation.
    op: obs.
    vesti: brainstem nuclei of auditory system
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12
Q

What class of neurons are responsible for imitation, empathy, language, and theory of mind?

A

mirror neurons.

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13
Q

Which species share the mirror neurons?

A

elephants, primates, dolphins, whales, and birds.

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14
Q

where in the brain do they process echolocation?

A

midbrain

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15
Q

What do seals use to see if females are ripe?

A

Olfactory

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16
Q

Why aren’t whales aggressive? as in fight each other, other whales, people?

A

They have a small basal ganglia

-> reduces their response to anger and stress

17
Q

Name aspects of dolphin intelligence

A
  • self-aware beings
  • individual personalities
  • mimicry (vocal and gesture)
  • vocal learning; dialects, signature whistles
  • cultural traditions (sponge feeding, dialects)
  • individualized tight and long lived societies
  • strong social bond between individuals
  • suffering in captivity; stress and trauma that often leads to death.
18
Q

name four argued reasons to keep marine mammals in captivity

A
  • cognitive studies
  • echolocation
  • physiology
  • educational value
19
Q

eye nerve

A

optic nerve

  • weak in river dolphin
  • weaker in all m.mamms. than humans
20
Q

nose nerve

A

olfactory nerve

  • strong in seals
  • myst: only in fetus
  • odont: present in fetus and adult
21
Q
mouth nerve
(function, and the diff between myst and odont)
A

trigeminal nerve

  • innervates chemoreceptors in the tongue and oral cavity
  • analogous to taste receptors
  • heightened in mystecetes. Odonts get their extra sensory powers from their melon.
22
Q

face nerve

A

facial and intermediate nerves

  • controls blowholes
  • changing shape of the melon
23
Q

ear nerve

A
vestibucochlear nerve  (Vesty-bucock-lear)
-thickest
24
Q

the other two last nerves

A

hypoglossal and glossopharangeal (visceral functions)

25
Q

cerebral cortex:

  • where
  • what
  • 3 parts
A
  • telencephalon with basal ganglia
  • extreme gyrification of the brain
  • allocortex, archicortex, neocortex