Chapter 6: Communicable and Infectious Diseases Flashcards
What is the most effective way to control infections?
hand hygiene
What are the 3 different transmission-based precautions, and what communicable diseases fall under each category?
- airborne – MTV (measles, varicella, TB)
- droplet – FPP (flu, pneumonia, pertussis)
- contact – RSV, C. diff, MRSA, rotavirus, impetigo, pediculosis, scabies
What is immunity?
inherited or acquired; individual is resistant to a specific disease
What is vaccination?
administration of a vaccine or toxoid
What is herd immunity?
condition when the majority of the population is vaccinated and the spread of certain diseases is stopped; those vaccinated protect those in the population who aren’t vaccinated
Which vaccines for pediatrics are administered as live vaccines?
2 vaccines
- measles
- varicella
What is important to note about administration of Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine?
administered in a separate syringe and at a different site from all other vaccines if being given at the same time
Which vaccines are given subq?
4 vaccines
- varicella
- MMR
- Polio
- pneumococcal meningitis
Which vaccines are given orally?
1 vaccine
rotovirus
Which vaccines are given IM?
6 vaccines
- Tdap
- Hep A
- Hep B
- Hib
- flu
- HPV
What are the 6 contraindications for vaccine administration?
- severe febrile illness – cold is NOT contraindicated unless child has a high fever
- immunocompromised child/household member
- recently acquired passive immunity (blood transfusion, immunoglobulin, maternal)
- known allergy
- parental fears, misinformation, questions
- religious beliefs
What are prodromal symptoms?
symptoms that occur between early manifestations of the disease and overt clinical syndrome
What is the primary prevention method of disease?
immunizations
What is conjunctivitis? How do newborns and children contract it?
- conjunctivitis: pink eye
- newborns:
1. Chlamydia trachomatis
2. Neisseria gonorrheae
3. chemical (24 hr after birth)
4. blocked tear ducts - children:
- viral
- bacterial – classic symptomology (red eye, goopy tear duct, unilateral or bilateral)
- allergic reaction – clear drainage, itchy eyes, bilateral
- foreign body
What is stomatitis? What are some things that fall under this category?
- stomatitis: inflammation of oral mucosa (cheek, lip, tongue, gingiva, palate, floor of mouth)
- under stomatitis:
– aphthous ulcers
– HSV
– hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD)
What are the nursing priorities for stomatitis?
3 priorities
- relieve pain (tylenol, ibuprofen)
- prevent spread
- hydrate
What are 2 types of intestinal parasites?
- helminths (worms)
- protozoa
How are helminths (pinworms, specifically) transmitted? What are the symptoms? How is it treated?
– transmission:
* eggs ingested or inhaled – hand to mouth
* classrooms and daycare are usually common places to pick up
– symptoms: intense itching
– treatment:
* meds – Pin-Rid, Antiminth
What are the 3 nursing priorities for protozoa (specifically Giardiasis)?
- tape test to identify parasite
- educate about diaper changes
- meds – Flagyl
What is impetigo? How does it present in children?
- skin infection caused by staphylococcus
- starts off as a reddish macule –> vesicular –> dry up and look like honey-colored crusts
- usually on the face
- itchy
- contagious
How is impetigo treated?
topical mupirocin (Bacitran) or oral antibiotics if severe
What are tinea infections?
- fungal skin infections
- transmit from person to person or from animal to human
What are Candidiasis infections?
- fungal infection caused by Candidiasis fungi
- moisture is usually involved
- treat by keeping the area dry – powders can help
- yeast infections – treat with fluconasol
What are mycotic infections? How does it usually present in children?
– mycotic infections:
* fungal infections that are much more severe than topical fungal infections – systemic infections
* affect skin, viscera, and lungs
– appearance:
* granulomatous ulcers
* plaques
* nodules
* fungating masses or abscesses
How are mycotic infections treated?
heavy duty antifungal medications IV
What are scabies? How does it present? What is its progression?
- scabies: caused by a scabies mite; females burrow into the epidermis and deposit eggs and feces
– presentation:
* very itchy
* usually in skin folds or at the wrists
– progression:
* inflammation occurs 30 - 60 days after burrowing of mite
How are scabies treated?
- topical meds – Permethrin
- PO meds – Ivermectin if body weight is > 15 kg
- treat anyone who has been in contact with pt in last 30 - 60 days prophylactically
What is pediculosis capitus? How does it usually present in children?
- head lice
- very common in school-age children
- female louses live 30 days
- females lay eggs at base of hair shaft
- eggs hatch in 7 - 10 days
- presentation = scalp itching
How is pediculosis capitis treated?
- meds – pediculicides and special shampoos
- removal of nits (eggs)
- treatment of anything that the scalp has come into contact with in the last 30 days
- affected children stay home from school
- head lice checks at schools
What is lyme disease? How does it usually present in children?
- transmitted from tick bite
- 3 stages of illness, but diagnosed by a characteristic rash (erythema migrans) that looks like a bullseye
How is lyme disease treated?
- antibiotics – doxycycline, amoxicillin, ceferoxine
- wear long sleeves in potentially infected areas
- wear light colored clothing
- tuck shirt into pants
What is diaper dermatitis? Which age group is more commonly affected? How is it treated?
- diaper dermatitis: rash caused directly or indirectly by wearing diapers –> prolonged contact with irritant
- more common in infants, specifically bottle-fed infants (stools may be more irritating to skin)
– treatment:
* keep skin dry
* change diapers frequently
* apply ointment to protect skin
* use special diapers that prevent dermatitis
