Chapter 6 - Cognitive Development

Question 0

What drives cognitive development according to Piaget?

Answer 0

Maturation: innate, biologically driven program of development

Question 1

Define a scheme

Answer 1

specific psychological structures- patterns of behavior used to learn about the world

2 processes account for change:

1) adaptation
2) organization

Question 2

Adaptation requires _____ and _____.

Answer 2

Assimilation and accommodation

Question 3

What is assimilation?

Answer 3

How we use our current schemes to interpret external world

Question 4

Accommodation

Answer 4

Changing the scheme after noticing current thinking is incorrect

Question 5

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage

Answer 5

Birth- 2 years.

Most complex stage

Question 6

Primary circular reactions 1-4 months

Answer 6

Simple motor habits centered around infants own body; limited anticipation of events

Question 7

Secondary circular reactions 4-8 months

Answer 7

Actions aimed at repeating interesting effects; imitation of familiar behaviors

Question 8

Coordination of secondary circular reactions. 8-12 mo

Answer 8

Intentional, goal oriented behavior. Object permanence; ability to find a hidden object. Improved anticipation of events

Question 9

Tertiary circular reactions. 12-18 months

Answer 9

Exploration of the properties of objects by acting on them in novel ways. Accurate A-B search.
- I see mommy clapping, I clap too

Question 10

Mental representation. 18 mo - 2 years.

Answer 10

Internal depictions of information that the mind can manipulate. Make believe play. Deferred imitation.

Question 11

Violation of expectation method

Answer 11

Show babies an expected or unexpected event to see if they can perceive deviations from reality of the physical world

Question 12

Displaced reference. 22 mo

Answer 12

Understanding that words cue mental images of things not physically present

Question 13

Core knowledge perspective

Answer 13

Babies are genetically prewired with innate knowledge system.

Question 14

What 3 factors contribute to infantile amnesia?

Answer 14

1) immature brain development
2) memory processing in infants is nonverbal
3) lacks of focused self image

Question 15

Toddlers gain a Self image when?

Answer 15

18 months

Question 16

Categorization

Answer 16

6 month olds can categorize based on shape and color

Question 17

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

Answer 17

Tasks a child cannot do alone, but can learn to do with help

Question 18

3 theories of language development

Answer 18

1) behaviorist- skinner- language is acquired through operant cond.
2) nativism- Chomsky- born with LAD system in brain that contains universal grammar.
3) interactionist perspective - emphasize interactions b/n social and inner capacities

Question 19

Syntax

Answer 19

Rules about words are arranged in sentences

Question 20

Pragmatics

Answer 20

Language norms, how you should speak, conversational norms

Question 21

Phonology

Answer 21

Rules about structure and sequence of speech sounds

Question 22

Semantics

Answer 22

Meanings of words and combinations of words/letters

Question 23

Language milestones- 2 months

Answer 23

Infants coo

Question 24

Language milestones- 6 months

Answer 24

Infants babble. Infants understand commonly heard words

Question 25

Language milestones - 8-12 months

Answer 25

Infants can establish joint attention.

Showing and pointing.

Question 26

Language milestones - 12 months

Answer 26

Toddlers say their first recognizable word. Babbling sounds more similar to speech

Question 27

Language - 18-24 months

Answer 27

Spoken vocab extends from 50- 200 words

Question 28

Telegraphic speech

Answer 28

Focusing on high content words- 24 months