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Chapter 6: Chemistry In Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Chemistry

A

The study of matter, it’s composition, and properties

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2
Q

Compound

A

Pure substance with unique properties; forms when two or more different elements combine

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3
Q

Covalent bond

A

Type of chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons

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4
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle that occupies space around an atom’s nucleus

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5
Q

Element

A

Pure substance composed of only one type of atom; not be broken down into another substance by physical or chemical means

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6
Q

Ion

A

Tom that is negatively or positively charged because it has lost or gained one or more electrons

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7
Q

Ionic bond

A

Electrical attraction between two oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms

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8
Q

Isotope

A

Two or more atoms of the same element having different numbers or neutrons

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9
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

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10
Q

Molecule

A

Compound whose atoms are held together by covalent bonds

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11
Q

Neutron

A

Particle without a charge in an atoms nucleus

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12
Q

Nucleus

A

Center of an atom; contains neutrons and protons

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13
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle in an atom’s nucleus

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14
Q

van der Waals force

A

Attractive forces between molecules

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15
Q

Activation energy

A

Minimal amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction

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16
Q

Active site

A

Specific place where a substrate binds on an enzyme

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17
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction by reducing the activation energy

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18
Q

Chemical Reaction

A

Energy-requiring process by which atoms or groups of atoms in substances are changed into different substances

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19
Q

Enzyme

A

Protein that speeds up biological reaction by lowering the activation energy needed to start a reaction

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20
Q

Product

A

Substance formed by chemical reaction; located on the right side of the equation

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21
Q

Reactant

A

Substances that exist before a chemical reaction starts; located on the left side of a chemical equation

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22
Q

Substrate

A

Reactant to which enzyme binds

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23
Q

Acid

A

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water, and acidic solution has a pH less than 7

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24
Q

Adhesion

A

The attraction of water molecules to a surface made of different substances

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25
Base
Substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water; a basic solution has a pH greater than 7
26
Buffer
Mixture that can react with an acid or a base to maintain the pH with in a specific range
27
Capillary action
Upward movement of water in a small tube due to adhesions, cohesion, and surface tension
28
Cohesion
Attraction of water molecules to other water molecules
29
Colloid
A substance that consists of particles dispersed throughout another substance which are too small for resolution with an ordinary light microscope but are in capable of passing through a semipermeable membrane
30
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture in which the different materials making up the Mctier are not evenly dispersed and can be distinguished from one another EX: blood
31
Homogeneous mixture
A mixture in which the materials making of the mixture are spread out uniformly, and cannot be distinguished from one another EX: saliva, air we breathe
32
Hydrogen bond
Wear electrostatic bond One by the attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen atom and oxygen, fluoride, and or nitrogen atoms
33
Mixture
Combination of two or more different substances in which each substance keeps its individual characteristics; can have uniform composition (homogeneous) or have distinct areas of substance (heterogeneous)
34
pH
Measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
35
Polar molecules
Molecules with oppositely charged regions
36
Solubility
Measure of the amount of solute that will dissolve in solvent
37
Solute
Substance dissolved in a solvent
38
Solution
Homogeneous mixture forms when a substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent)
39
Solvent
Substance in which another substance is dissolved
40
Surface tension
Cohesion of the upper layer of water molecules formed in a "skin" or "membrane"
41
Universal solvent
Substance that can dissolve a large variety of substances; water
42
Amino acid
Carbon compound joined by peptide bonds; building blocks of proteins
43
Biomolecule
A large, organic molecule found in living organisms; examples are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
44
Carbohydrate
Organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are in a ratio of one oxygen into hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom
45
Cellulose
A complex starch that makes up the cell walls in plants
46
Chitin
Tough, flexible polysaccharide in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans and in fungal cell walls
47
Condensation
Chemical reaction that joins monomers together to form a polymer; this reactions give off a molecule of water
48
Deoxyribonucleic acid
Nucleic acid; the master copy of organisms information code that contains instructions used to form all of the organisms enzymes and structural proteins
49
Disaccharide
Type of carbohydrate formed from two sugar molecules bonded together
50
Hydrolysis
Chemical reaction that breaks apart a polymer by adding water
51
Hydrophobic
Does not dissolve in water; water fearing
52
Lipid
Hydrophobic biological molecule composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen; fats, oils, and waxes are lipids
53
Macromolecule
Large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together
54
Metabolism
All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism
55
Monomer
Smallest unit of building blocks or a large, more complex molecules (polymer)
56
Nucleic acid
Complex macromolecule that stores and communicates genetic information
57
Nucleotide
Subunit of nucleic acid form from a simple sugar, a phosphate group, in a nitrogenous base
58
Peptide bond
Covalent bond formed between amino acids
59
Polymer
Large molecule formed from smaller repeating units of identical, or nearly identical, compounds linked by covalent bonds
60
Polysaccharide
Type of carbohydrate made of three or more monosaccharides bonded together
61
Protein
Organic compound made of amino acids joined by peptide bonds; primary building block of organisms
62
RNA
Ribonucleic acid-guides protein synthesis
63
Saturated fat
Lipid compounds such as bacon fat and better with only single bonds present in the carbon chain; solid at room temperature
64
Unsaturated fat
Lipid compounds such as vegetable oils with single and double bonds in the carbon chain of fatty acids; liquid at room temperature
65
Atom
Building block of matter; contains subatomic particles-neutrons, protons, electrons

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