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12 Biology > Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Question: What event is hypothesized to have caused the Great Oxygenation Event over 2 billion years ago?

A

Cyanobacteria like blue-green algae dominating the oceans and producing enough oxygen through photosynthesis.

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2
Q

What are the three main stages of aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain.

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol of the cell.

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4
Q

What are the main outputs of glycolysis?

A

Two pyruvate molecules, two ATP molecules, and two NADH molecules.

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5
Q

What is the role of the Krebs cycle in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

he Krebs cycle generates high-energy electron and proton carriers (NADH and FADH2) and releases carbon dioxide.

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6
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix.

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

A

To produce the majority of ATP in aerobic cellular respiration and convert NADH and FADH2 back to NAD+ and FAD.

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8
Q

How does the electron transport chain produce ATP?

A

By utilizing the energy from the electrons unloaded by NADH and FADH2 to generate a proton gradient that drives ATP production.

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9
Q

What are some examples of key enzymes in cellular respiration?

A

Pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase, and cytochrome c oxidase.

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10
Q

What is the function of coenzymes in cellular respiration?

A

Coenzymes assist enzymes in catalyzing reactions by cycling between unloaded and loaded states, providing or receiving energy as needed.

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11
Q

What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + ATP

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12
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

30 (eukaryotes) or 32 (prokaryotes) ATP molecules as the ATP molecules produced in prokaryotes dont need to be transported anywhere else so no energy is lost

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13
Q

What is the difference between aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic fermentation?

A

Aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces more ATP, while anaerobic fermentation does not require oxygen and produces only 2 ATP.

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14
Q

What are the two main types of anaerobic fermentation and their byproducts?

A

Animals: lactic acid fermentation (produces lactic acid); Plants and yeast: alcohol fermentation (produces ethanol and carbon dioxide).

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15
Q

What is the function of NADH and FADH2 in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

They are high-energy electron carriers that deliver electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP.

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16
Q

What is the role of mitochondria in aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Mitochondria are the organelles where the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain occur.

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17
Q

How is ATP produced in the electron transport chain?

A

ATP is produced as protons move through ATP synthase, powered by the proton gradient created by electron transport.

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18
Q

What happens if the electron transport chain is inhibited by cyanide?

A

Answer: Cyanide inhibits ATP production, potentially leading to cell death or organism death.

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19
Q

What is end-product inhibition?

A

It is a regulatory mechanism where the final product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway to control the rate of reaction.

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20
Q

How do coenzymes assist enzymes in cellular respiration?

A

Coenzymes help enzymes by cycling between unloaded (ADP, NAD+, FAD) and loaded (ATP, NADH, FADH2) states, providing or receiving energy as needed.

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21
Q

What is the role of enzymes in cellular respiration?

A

Enzymes catalyze the biochemical reactions of cellular respiration, allowing them to proceed at biologically relevant rates.

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22
Q

Where does the link reaction occur, and what does it produce?

A

The link reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and produces acetyl-CoA and carbon dioxide.

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23
Q

How many CO2 molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle for every acetyl-CoA molecule?

A

Four CO2 molecules are produced for every acetyl-CoA molecule.

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the mitochondrial matrix?

A

The mitochondrial matrix is the site of the Krebs cycle, where multiple reactions occur to generate ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.

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25
Q

What happens to the electrons and protons unloaded by NADH and FADH2 in the electron transport chain?

A

They generate a proton gradient that drives ATP production as they are transferred through protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

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26
Q

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A

Anaerobic fermentation is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the absence of oxygen, involving glycolysis followed by further reactions to recycle NADH and produce ATP.

27
Q

Where does anaerobic fermentation occur?

A

Anaerobic fermentation occurs in the cell cytosol in the absence of oxygen.
Question: What are the inputs and outputs of anaerobic fermentation in animals and yeasts?

28
Q

What are the inputs and outputs of anaerobic fermentation in animals and yeasts?

A

Inputs: glucose; Outputs: In animals, lactic acid and 2 ATP; In yeasts, ethanol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP.

29
Q

What is the primary purpose of anaerobic fermentation?

A

The primary purpose of anaerobic fermentation is to regenerate NAD+ for continued use in glycolysis when oxygen is not available.

30
Q

How does anaerobic fermentation differ from aerobic cellular respiration?

A

Anaerobic fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen and produces only 2 ATP per glucose molecule, while aerobic cellular respiration requires oxygen and produces 30 or 32 ATP per glucose molecule.

31
Q

Describe lactic acid fermentation in animals.

A

Lactic acid fermentation in animals involves the conversion of pyruvate to lactic acid, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

32
Q

Describe ethanol fermentation in yeasts.

A

Ethanol fermentation in yeasts involves the conversion of pyruvate to ethanol and carbon dioxide, regenerating NAD+ for glycolysis to continue.

33
Q

What happens to the lactic acid produced in animals during anaerobic fermentation?

A

Lactic acid can be metabolized back into pyruvate once oxygen is available again, and used for aerobic cellular respiration.

34
Q

How is ethanol fermentation utilized in industry?

A

Ethanol fermentation by yeasts is used in industries such as brewing and baking to produce ethanol and carbon dioxide, respectively.

35
Q

Why is anaerobic fermentation important for cells in the absence of oxygen?

A

Anaerobic fermentation allows cells to continue producing ATP in the absence of oxygen by recycling NADH and producing ATP through glycolysis.

36
Q

What factors affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A

Temperature, pH, glucose availability, oxygen concentration, and enzyme inhibitors.

37
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A

Enzymes operate optimally at certain temperatures. Below the optimal temperature, respiration slows due to fewer collisions between enzymes and substrates. Above the optimal temperature, enzymes denature, leading to a rapid drop in respiration rate.

38
Q

What is the optimal temperature for enzyme-catalyzed reactions?

A

The optimal temperature is the temperature at which enzyme-catalyzed reactions occur at the greatest rate.

39
Q

How does pH affect the rate of cellular respiration?

A

Enzymes function optimally at specific pH levels. Deviations from this optimal pH can lead to enzyme denaturation and a decrease in respiration rate.

40
Q

What is the effect of increasing glucose availability on cellular respiration?

A

Increasing glucose availability increases the rate of cellular respiration until the enzymes reach saturation. Beyond this point, further increases in glucose concentration do not increase respiration rate.

41
Q

How does oxygen concentration affect the rate of aerobic respiration?

A

Increasing oxygen concentration increases the rate of aerobic respiration until the enzymes reach saturation. After reaching saturation, further increases in oxygen do not increase respiration rate.

42
Q

What is the role of enzyme inhibitors in cellular respiration?

A

Enzyme inhibitors decrease the rate of cellular respiration by reducing the activity of enzymes involved in the process. They can be competitive or non-competitive and reversible or irreversible.

43
Q

How does competitive reversible inhibition affect enzyme activity?

A

Competitive reversible inhibitors bind to the active sites of enzymes, preventing substrate binding. Increasing substrate concentration can overcome the effect of competitive inhibitors.

44
Q

What is end-product inhibition?

A

End-product inhibition is a form of inhibition where the final product in a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme in an earlier reaction in the sequence, helping to regulate cellular respiration.

45
Q

What is biofuel?

A

Biofuel is fuel created from organic material known as biomass.

46
Q

What are fossil fuels and why are they non-renewable?

A

Fossil fuels are formed from decomposing organic material over millions of years, and they are considered non-renewable because their production rate is much lower than their consumption rate.

47
Q

How are biofuels different from fossil fuels?

A

Biofuels are made from renewable biomass, while fossil fuels are formed from fossilized organic material and are non-renewable.

48
Q

What is anaerobic fermentation?

A

Anaerobic fermentation is a process that produces ethanol and CO2 in yeasts in the absence of oxygen.

49
Q

How does anaerobic fermentation contribute to biofuel production?

A

Anaerobic fermentation breaks down plant sugars into ethanol, which can be used for biofuels.

50
Q

What is bioethanol?

A

Bioethanol is a type of biofuel produced via the anaerobic fermentation of plant sugars.

51
Q

What is the role of enzymes in biofuel production?

A

Enzymes facilitate the breakdown of biomass during anaerobic fermentation for biofuel production.

52
Q

How is bioethanol produced from biomass?

A

Bioethanol is produced through steps including deconstruction of biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and dehydration.

53
Q

What are the uses of biofuels?

A

Biofuels can be used in transportation, heating, energy generation, and cleaning.

54
Q

What are some potential implications of biofuel usage?

A

Some implications include climate impact, energy security, and the food vs. fuel debate.

55
Q

What are the differences between first-generation and second-generation biofuels?

A

First-generation biofuels are made from edible food crops and compete directly with agricultural lands, while second-generation biofuels are made from non-edible crop waste and are more sustainable.

56
Q

How is biofuel production related to enzyme activity?

A

Factors influencing enzyme activity, such as temperature and substrate concentration, impact the efficiency of biofuel production.

57
Q

What are some strengths of the biofuel industry?

A

Strengths include climate impact reduction, energy security, and localised energy production.

58
Q

What are some weaknesses of the biofuel industry?

A

Weaknesses include cost, difficulty of uptake, and second-order environmental impacts.

59
Q

What is the food vs. fuel debate?

A

The food vs. fuel debate questions the use of arable land for biofuel production instead of food production.

60
Q

How does the process of biofuel production contribute to carbon neutrality?

A

Biofuel production involves a carbon-neutral cycle where CO2 released during combustion is reabsorbed by plants during photosynthesis.

61
Q

What is the general process for turning biomass into bioethanol?

A

The process includes sourcing and deconstruction of biomass, enzymatic hydrolysis, anaerobic fermentation, and dehydration.

62
Q

How do first-generation and second-generation biofuels differ in their competition with food crops?

A

First-generation biofuels compete directly with food crops, while second-generation biofuels are made from non-edible crop waste.

63
Q

What are some potential applications of biofuels?

A

Biofuels can be used in transportation, energy generation, heating, and cleaning

64
Q

What are some potential environmental implications of biofuel production?

A

Environmental implications include second-order impacts, such as increased nitrous oxide emissions and deforestation.

12 Biology (9 decks)

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