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Biology I > Chapter 6 (Cell Structure and Function) > Flashcards

Chapter 6 (Cell Structure and Function) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basis of biogenesis?

A

cells are only made of pre-existing cells

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2
Q

What are the purposes of cellular division? (2)

A
  1. Reproduction2. Growth and Repair
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3
Q

What are the 2 types of cells?

A

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

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4
Q

Give me 2 examples of prokaryoticcells

A

BacteriaArchaebacteria

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5
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic cells? (3)

A
  • small- 1 micrometer (10^-6)- no nucleus
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6
Q

Give me examples of eukaryotic cells: (4)

A
  • fungi- plants- protists- animals
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7
Q

What are the characteristics of eukaryotic cells? (3)

A
  • larger- 100 micrometer- have other organelles (membrane bound)
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8
Q

Identify each type of cells: [Image]

A

Bigger: eukaryoticsmaller: prokaryotic

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9
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • bacteria- archae- eukarya
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10
Q

Why are viruses considered non-living?

A

Because they can’t replicate/reproduce w/o a host cell

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of viruses? (2)

A
  • small: 10-20 nanometers (10^-9m)- have SOME properties of life
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12
Q

Are viruses considered dead cells?

A

NO, because they retain some properties of life

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13
Q

What are the properties of life that viruses have? (4)

A
  • consists of genetic information (DNA/RNA)- contained within a protein shell: capsid-have specializedenzymes - proteinsthat allow host specific infection and replication- some capsid have additional membranous envelope from the host cell
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14
Q

What role does nucleic acid play in viruses?

A

Contains information for replicating viral particles, including the capsid and other viral proteins.

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15
Q

What is the protein shell that viruses are contained within called?

A

Capsid

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16
Q

What do specialized enzymes - proteins allow in viruses?

A

host specific infection and replication

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17
Q

Viruses replicate or divide?

A

Replicate

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18
Q

What is the basis of biogenesis?

A

all cells are made of pre-existing cells

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19
Q

Size range of cells?

A

1-100 micrometer

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20
Q

What are the two main types of microscopes used to observe cells?

A
  • Light: visible light optics (lenses), live specimens w/ limited resolution and magnification, colored image- Electronic: electron optics (magnets), fixed specimens (dead), better resolution and magnification, b&w [Image]
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21
Q

3 characteristics of the plasma membrane (PM):

A

✔️ 9nm, phospholipid bilayer + proteins (animal) / + cholesterol (plant)✔️ Semi permeable or selectively permeable✔️ Transport proteins to let hydrophilic molecules pass

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22
Q

Prokaryotes DON’T have _____________

A

Membrane bound cytoplasmic organelles:❌ Nucleus❌ Mitochondria❌ GolgiEtc.

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23
Q

List the 7 parts of a prokaryotic cell - bacteriaand their function:

A
  1. Nucleoid (contains DNA - single circular chromosome)2. Ribosomes (protein synthesis)3. Plasma membrane4. Flagella (locomotion - allow motion)5. Cell wall(peptidoglycan)6. Capsule (sticky polysaccharide) with ⬇️7. Pili(attachment) [Image]
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24
Q

Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is mitochondria present - cellular respiration?

A

✅ plant✅ animal

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25
Q

Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is chloroplast present - photosynthesis?

A

✅ plant❌ animal

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26
Q

Which type of eukaryotic cell(s) is cell wall present?

A

✅ plant❌ animal

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27
Q

Which eukaryotic cell(s) have centrosome?

A

Plant and Animal

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28
Q

Which eukaryotic cell(s) have centrioles?

A

ONLY animal cells

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29
Q

What is the centrosome called in plant cells?

A

MTOC - microtubules organizing center

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30
Q

Which organelles does the storage and treatment of waste in plant and animal cells?

A

Plant: vacuole (H2O regulation - homeostasis)Animal: lysosome

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31
Q

Which eukaryotic cell has flagella and cilia?

A

animal cells

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32
Q

What does the cell wall prevent the plant cell from doing/having?

A
  • phagocytosis- flagella- cilia
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33
Q

List all the organelles present in eukaryotic cells (precise if only in animal or plant) ➡️ 11

A

Nucleus:1. Nucleus2. Nucleolus3. Nuclear envelope Endomembrane system:4. RER5. SER6. Golgi7. Lysosome (animal)8. Vacuole (plants)Organelles w/ role in metabolism:9. Mitochondria10. Chloroplasts11. Peroxisome

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34
Q

Describe the functions of all 3 organelles that make the nucleus:

A
  1. Nucleus:➡️ holds DNA information➡️ site for DNAreplication➡️ chromatin2. Nucleolus (in the nucleus kind of like the lava inside the earth):➡️ rRNA synthesis(r for ribosomal)➡️ formsribosome3. Nuclear envelope:➡️ double membrane(2 phospholipid bilayer)➡️ Has pores that allows passage of molecule from the cytoplasm [Image]
35
Q

What is the role of the endomembrane system?

A

produce, fold, modify, sort and transport proteins

36
Q

Function of RER (2)

A
  1. Has ribosomes ➡️ That’s why its called ROUGH ER2. Protein synthesis
37
Q

Function of SER: (4)

A
  1. no ribosomes ➡️ SMOOTH2. Lipid synthesis: phospholipids, steroid, cholesterol3. Detoxification4. Stores Ca2+ ➡️ Muscle fibres
38
Q

Function of Golgi (2)

A
  1. Protein folding and modification2. Sorting and shipping
39
Q

Where does lysosome originate from?

40
Q

What are lysosomes and what do they contain inside?

A

Vesicle that transport hydrolyticenzymes for digestion of macromolecules

41
Q

What are the two processes where lysosomes are involved in?

A
  1. Phagocytosis ➡️ Digestion of large food molecules2. Autophagy
42
Q

What is autophagy?

A

“eat own self” ➡️ Lysosome fuses with an old organelles or proteins to break them down and recycle them

43
Q

What is the “equivalent” of lysosome for plant cells?

44
Q

Function of vacuoles (2)

A
  1. Storage of wastes2. H2O homeostasis
45
Q

Flow chart of endomembrane system

46
Q

Explain each step of the endomembrane system (5)

A
  • DNA : Template for making RNA (proteins)- mRNA : goes from nucleus to the cytoplasm carrying the genetic code to …➡️cytoplasm filled (synthesis of proteins w/ ribosomes)➡️ RER (synthesis of proteins w/ ribosomes)- RER➡️ SER (lipid synthesis)➡️ Sends proteins to Golgi- Golgi: packages proteins from transport➡️ Lysosome/Vacuole (hydrolytic enzymes)➡️ Secretory vesicles- Secretory vesicles➡️ PM (secretory proteins, out of cell)➡️ PM (membrane proteins)
47
Q

What are the two organelles that have a role in metabolism and state which cell they are located in:

A
  • Mitochondria ➡️ all eukaryotic cells- Chloroplasts ➡️ Plant cells
48
Q

Function of mitochondria? (2)

A
  1. ATP synthesis2. Cellular metabolism
49
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

50
Q

What do both chloroplast and mitochondria have in common? (3)

A
  • double membrane- ribosomes- DNA
51
Q

What is the endosymbiont theory?

A

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria originate from bacteria

52
Q

What did mitochondria originate from?

A

ancestral aerobic bacteria

53
Q

What did chloroplasts originate from?

A

ancestral photosynthesis bacteria

54
Q

Function of peroxisomes (2)

A
  1. Detoxification of O2 radicals2. Breaks down fatty acids (catabolic)
55
Q

List the 3 cells in which we find cell wall and name them: (3)

A
  1. Plants: cellulose2. Fungi: Chitin3. Bacteria: peptidoglycan
56
Q

Do bacteria’s have cytoskeleton?

57
Q

Which type of cell is cytoskeleton present?

A

Eukaryotic cells

58
Q

What are the filaments of cytoskeleton made of?

59
Q

What are the 3 types of filaments that cytoskeleton is made of?

A

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, Microtubules

60
Q

Microfilaments are … (3)

A
  1. Made of actin2. Dynamic (grow and shrink)3. Associated with PM (cortex)
61
Q

Functions of microfilamments (4)

A
  1. Shape the microvilli2. Cell movement ➡️ phagocytosis3. Muscle contraction ➡️ actin-myosin4. Cell division ➡️ Actomyosin ring during cytokinesis
62
Q

Functions of intermediate filaments: (3)

A
  1. strength and shape of cells2. anchors organelles (holds them in place)3.form nuclear lamina [Image]
63
Q

Are intermediate filaments dynamic?

A

No, they are flexible

64
Q

Microtubules grow at _________(3)

A
  1. centrosomes2. microtubules organizing center (MTOC ~ plant cells)3. basal bodies (base of flagella and cilia)
65
Q

Functions of microtubules: (3)

A
  1. Shape and movement ➡️ flagella and cilia2. cell division ➡️ forms mitotic spindle (Kinetochore MT and polar MT)3. organelle movement ➡️ “tracks” for vesicles & organelles
66
Q

Are MT dynamic?

67
Q

Does cell division require energy?

A

Yes, it requires ATP hydrolysis

68
Q

Does cell movement require energy?

A

Yes, it needs ATP hydrolysis!

69
Q

Which type of cell(s) is PM present in?

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

70
Q

Which type of cell(s) is nuclear envelope and nucleuspresent in?If not present name the alternative, if there is.

A

❌ Prokaryotic ➡️ not true nucleus, nucleoid✅ Eukaryotic

71
Q

Which type of cell(s) are chromosomes (w/ DNA)present in?

A

Prokaryotic: single circular DNA molecule in nucleoidEukaryotic: many made of chromatin in nucleus

72
Q

Which type of cell(s) is nucleolus present in?

A

ONLY eukaryotic

73
Q

Which type of cell(s) are ribosomes present in?

74
Q

Which type of cell(s) is the endomembrane system organellespresent in?

A

ONLY eukaryotic cells

75
Q

Which type of cell(s) is microtubules present in?

A

ONLY eukaryotic cells!! SINCE PROKARYOTIC CELLS DONT HAVE CYTOSKELETON!

76
Q

Which type of cell(s) are centriolespresent in?

A

Only animal cells

77
Q

Which type of cell(s) is basal bodies (flagella and cilia) present in?

A

ONLY animal [Image]

78
Q

Which type of cell(s) is flagella and ciliapresent in?

A

Prokaryotic: flagellum not covered by PMEukaryotic only animal NOT IN PLANT (because of cell wall)

79
Q

Which type of cell(s) is central vacuole present in?

A

Plant cells ONLY

80
Q

Which type of cell(s) is cell wall present in?

A

Prokaryotic and ONLY plant cells

81
Q

Which type of cell(s) is capsule present in?

A

ONLY prokaryotic

82
Q

Cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic?

A

Prokaryotic ➡️ binary fissionEukaryotic ➡️ mitosis

83
Q

True or false: Proteins that functions within the cytoplasm are synthesized in the nucleolus.

A

False!✔ mRNA carries the instructions (not proteins) to the cytoplasm, where ribosomes float and make proteins.✔ The nucleolus makes ribosomes, not proteins.✔ Proteins that stay in the cytosol are made by free ribosomes, not the rough ER.

Biology I (10 decks)

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