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Biology I > Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) > Flashcards

Chapter 5 (Macromolecules) Flashcards

1
Q

Are macromolecules the same as cells?

A

No, macromolecules are in cells

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2
Q

What do organic compounds consist of?

A

H hydrogen covalently bounded to C carbon atoms

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3
Q

What do organic compounds form?

A

Linear and ring-shaped backbones

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4
Q

What are the other common elements in organic compounds?

A

CHNOPSN - nitrogenO - oxygenP - phosphorusS - sulfur

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5
Q

What are O, N, P, S linked to?

A

Carbon backbone of cellular organic compounds

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6
Q

What is CO2 considered as?

A

inorganic (not an organic carbon compound)

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7
Q

What dofunctional groups attached to the carbon backbone pass on?

A

Diverse properties to organic compounds that are the characteristics of life

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8
Q

What can only living cells assemble?

A

Large organic compounds called macromolecules and polymers

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9
Q

What are polymers?

A

large molecules made of monomers

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10
Q

List the 4 carbon compound groups (contain carbon as fundamental element):

A

4 macromolecules1. Complex carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic acids

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11
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical reactions that occur in the cell

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12
Q

Describe metabolism

A

Transformation of substances into energy or materials

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of metabolism?

A

AnabolismCatabolism

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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

A synthesis (building) rxn

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15
Q

Describe the process of anabolism

A

Linkage of monomers to form polymers by dehydration synthesis, and water is produced/released

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16
Q

Which process is this? [Image]

A

Anabolism

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17
Q

True or False: Anabolism requires input of energy

A

True, because building requires energy

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18
Q

True or False: Catabolism requires input of energy

A

False, because breaking “releases energy”

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19
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown rxn

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20
Q

Describe catabolism:

A

Macromolecules are broken down/digested to their respective monomers by hydrolysis, water is used as a reactant/added

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21
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Compounds that contain carbon and are found in living organisms.

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22
Q

Which process of metabolism is this? [Image]

A

Catabolism

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23
Q

Give me an example of catabolic rxn

A

Digestion - hydrolysis of food and hydrolysis of macromolecules by lysosome in white blood cells

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24
Q

Does cellular respiration involve hydrolysis reactions?

A

No, it is an overall catabolic process but doesn’t involve hydrolysis

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25
Q

Flow chart of the hydrolysis of macromolecules in diet

A

[Image]

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26
Q

What is the most abundant macromolecule?

A

Carbohbydrates

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27
Q

What is the general composition of carbohydrates?

A

CHO (N in chitin)

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28
Q

What are thetypes of carbohydrates? (3)

A
  • monosaccharides (sugars)- disaccharides- polyssaccharides
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29
Q

What is the composition of monosaccharides (sugars)?

A

(CH2O)n- n for number of carbon (C)

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30
Q

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

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31
Q

Give me examples of monosaccharides (4)

A
  • glucose- fructose- glucosamine- galactose
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32
Q

How many carbons does glucose have?

A

6

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33
Q

What is the linear and ringform of glucose?

A

[Image] [Image]

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34
Q

Are disaccharides considered polymer?

A

NO

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35
Q

What are disaccharides made of?

A

2 sugars (monosaccharides)

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36
Q

Function of disaccharides

A

Store energy

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37
Q

Examples of disaccharides: (3)

A
  • maltose (beer)- sucrose (table sugar)- lactose (milk)
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38
Q

Synthesis of maltose

A

bonding of two glucose - carbon 1 and carbon 4 links [Image]

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39
Q

Synthesis of sucrose

A

Glucose + fructose (fructose 5 sidedring) [Image]

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40
Q

Which type of carbohydrate is considered the only true polymer?

A

Complex carbohydrates or polysaccharides

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41
Q

How are polysaccharides made?

A

dehydration synthesis of multiple monomers

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42
Q

What are the functions of polysaccharides? (2)

A
  • storage of energy- structural role in the cell
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43
Q

What type of glucose is used for energy and chemical storage?

A

alpha-glucose

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44
Q

What are the polysaccharides used for energy storage? (2)

A
  • glycogen (animals, stored in liver cells)- starch (plants, stores in chloroplasts)
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45
Q

What type of glucose is used for structural support?

A

beta-glucose

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46
Q

What polysaccharides provides structural support in plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose

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47
Q

What structural carbohydrate is found in the cell walls of fungi?

A

Chitin (CHON)

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48
Q

What is chitin?

A

chain of glucosamine

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49
Q

What is the main monomer of polysaccharides?

A

Glucose

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50
Q

What is the structure of alpha-glucose?

A

H on top in the first carbon [Image]

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51
Q

What is the structure of beta-glucose?

A

H on the bottom of the first carbon [Image]

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52
Q

What type of glucose are starch and glycogen (storage) made of? What is the structure of starch?

A
  • alpha-glucose- OH on the aligned on the bottom [Image]
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53
Q

What type of glucose are cellulose made of? What is the structure of cellulose?

A
  • beta-glucose- alternating OH positions [Image]
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54
Q

Which group of macromolecule isn’t a true polymer? Why?

A

Lipids, but due to their size they are considered macromolecules. They don’t have a single repeating monomer, that have more than one type of subunit!

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55
Q

What is the characteristic of lipids?

A

Heterogeneous, hydrophobic (water fearing, insoluble in water)

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56
Q

What is the general composition of lipids?

A

CHO (N and P in phospholipids)

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57
Q

What are the two main functions of lipids?

A
  1. Energy storage2. Structural
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58
Q

What is the main lipid used for energy storage?

A

Triacylglycerides (triglycerides) ➡️ fat made of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol

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59
Q

What are the two types of energy-storing lipids, and where are they found?

A

• Fats – Found in animals, used for insulation and protection.• Oils – Found in plants.

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60
Q

What type of lipid is the main structural component of cell membranes?

A

Phospholipds

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61
Q

What is a characteristic of phospholipids?

A

They are amphipatic

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62
Q

Why are phospholipids amphipatic?

A

They have two parts:• Hydrophilic (water-loving) heads• Hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails

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63
Q

Which type of lipid consists of four fused carbon rings?

A

Steroid

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64
Q

What are the types of steroid lipids? (2)

A
  • cholesterol- steroid hormones
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65
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the body? (3)

A

• Structural component of cell membranes• Precursor for steroid hormones (base for forming)• Component of bile salts (aiding in fat digestion) [Image]

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66
Q

What is the function of steroid hormones?

A

Regulate metabolism and reproduction, etc

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67
Q

What lipid-based molecules act as cofactors required for absorbing light?

A

Retinal and carotenoids

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68
Q

What does this represent? [Image]

A

Fat molecule (triglyceride) by dehydration synthesis that combines 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids w/ Easter linkages (covalent bond that forms between a hydroxyl (-OH) group and a carboxyl (-COOH) group)

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69
Q

Identifysaturated and unsaturated fat: [Image]

A

Left: saturatedRight: unsaturated

70
Q

What is the main structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

• Saturated: No C=C (double) bonds.• Unsaturated: 1 or more C=C (double) bonds.

71
Q

What is the shape of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?

A

• Saturated: Linear.• Unsaturated: Bent/Kinked due to double bonds.

72
Q

How do saturated and unsaturated fatty acids behave at room temperature?

A

• Saturated: Solid at room temperature.• Unsaturated: Liquid at room temperature.

73
Q

What are the typical sources of saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids?

A

• Saturated: animal fats & butter (mostly).• Unsaturated: vegetable oils.

74
Q

Whatare the main components of phospholipids?

A
  1. Hydrophilic head (contains phosphate group).2. Hydrophobic tails (fatty acid chains).3. Glycerol backbone(Holds everything tgt)
75
Q

Where are phospholipids found in?

A

cell membrane in all cells

76
Q

What structure do phospholipids form in cell membrane?

A

Bilayer - 2 rows parallel to each other with hydrophilic head facing water and hydrophobic tail meeting inside

77
Q

Is there water inside the cell membrane?

A

No, the hydrophobic tails creates a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell

78
Q

What is a micelle?

A

circular structure made of phospholipids hydrophilic head outward and hydrophobic tails inward

79
Q

What is the difference between the cell membrane and the cell wall?

A

• Cell membrane: all cells (phospholipid bilayer)•Cell wall: in plants & fungi (structural support)

80
Q

Is cholesterol considered a hormone?

A

No, its an exception from all steroids

81
Q

What are the most diverse macromolecules (w/ diverse functions)?

A

Proteins - polypeptides

82
Q

Composition of proteins

A

CHNOS (only ones with sulfur!)

83
Q

Monomers of proteins - polypeptides

A

20 different amino acids (aa)

84
Q

What does each aa have?

A

A side chain that gives it unique properties and affects the protein’s function [Image]

85
Q

Synonym of side chains

86
Q

What are the bonds between aa called?

A

peptide bond

87
Q

What are peptide bonds?

A

N-C bond (protein)

88
Q

Carboxyl and amino group components

A

Carboxyl: COOHAmino: NH2Picture of amino acid [Image]

89
Q

What is infinite?

A

number of different proteins

90
Q

What does the number of proteins depend on? (3)

A

N: number of aaC: composition of aaS: sequence of aa

91
Q

SPF?

A

different sequence ➡️ different proteins ➡️ different functions

92
Q

How is the shape of a protein obtained?

A

folding of aa sequence into secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures

93
Q

Which structure of aa sequence is this? [Image]

A

Primary structure

94
Q

What’s the orientation of proteins?

A

N ➡️ C

95
Q

Which aa sequencestructure is this? [Image]

96
Q

Which structure of aa sequence is this? [Image]

A

Tertiary - some proteins may contain only alpha helices, only beta sheets, or a mix of both.

97
Q

Which structure of aa sequence does this represent? [Image]

A

Quaternary - 2 or more polypeptides (proteins)

98
Q

Are the 4 structures a cycle?

A

NO! Each level builds on the previous one but does not loop back.• Primary → Secondary → Tertiary → Quaternary (if applicable).• Once a protein reaches its functional form, it usually stays that way unless it is denatured (unfolded due to heat, pH, or chemicals).

99
Q

At which structure is the protein considered functional?

A

At the tertiary (if single polypeptide, e.g. myoglobin) or quaternary (multiple polypeptides, e.g. hemoglobin)- at these structure the protein is finished in 3D form!

100
Q

Primary structure: (2)

A
  • aa sequence form N (amino) to C (Carboxyl) terminus- peptide bonds
101
Q

Secondary structures: (2)

A
  • alpha-helices and beta-strands- held tgt by H-bonds between CO (Carboxyl) and NH (amino) of backbone [Image]
102
Q

Tertiary structure: (2)

A
  • 3D shape- held by interactions between R groups of aa (including S-S bonds)
103
Q

What are SS bonds? Which structures?

A
  • Strong Shape bonds- tertiary and quaternary structure
104
Q

Do hydrogen bonds form between alpha helices and beta sheets?

A

No! H-bonds form within alpha helices and between beta strands, not between the two structures.

105
Q

Quaternary structure: (2)

A
  • complex of 2 or + polypeptides- also held by interactions between R groups of aa
106
Q

List the 8 functions of protein:

A

ESSTHRCDE: EnzymesS: StructuralS: StorageT: TransportH: HormonesR: ReceptorsC: Contractile and motileD: Defensive

107
Q

What do functions of proteins depend on?

A

on the shape and shape➡️ aa sequence

108
Q

What do names of enzymes end with?

109
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Increases the rate of rxn

110
Q

Give me example of enzymes (2)

A
  • cellulase (break down the cellulose molecule) in green- lipase (break down fat in your diet) in rainbow [Image] [Image]
111
Q

What do enzymes with structural function do?

A

strengthen and support tissues and cells

112
Q

Give me examples of structural proteins (2)

A
  • collagen (building of joint cartilage)- keratin (helps form hair, nails and your skin’s outer layer) [Image] [Image]
113
Q

What do storage enzyme do?

A

nourish embryo [Image]

114
Q

Give me an example of storage protein:

A

ovalbumin (protein of egg white - liquid)

115
Q

What do transport enzymes do? (2)

A
  • transport gases and minerals in blood- transport across membranes of cells
116
Q

Give me the name of the proteinthat transports gases and minerals in blood

A

hemoglobin (red blood cells) [Image]

117
Q

Give me the names of the membrane associated proteinsthat transport molecules across cell membranes (3)

A
  • Pumps- Channels- Transporters
118
Q

What do hormonal enzymes do?

A

maintain homeostasis

119
Q

Name a hormonal enzymes:

120
Q

What do receptor enzymes do?

A

Sense and transduce (to pass a message inside the cell) environmental signals

121
Q

Name a receptor enzymes:

A

SynapseTrick! Sense ➡️ synapse

122
Q

What do contractile and motile enzymes do?

A

muscle contraction and cell movement

123
Q

name contractile and motile enzymes (2):

A

Actin and myosin(TRICK: Action and movement)

124
Q

What do defensive enzymes do?

A

fight diseases and foreign molecules

125
Q

Give me example of defensive enzymes:

A

Antibodies - immunoglobulins (immuno ➡️ Immune system)

126
Q

Which macromolecule contains information?

A

Nucleic acids

127
Q

Composition of nucleic acids:

128
Q

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

129
Q

What are the bond between nucleotides called?

A

phosphodiester

130
Q

What are the two forms of nucleic acids?

131
Q

DNA = ?

A

deoxyribonucleic acids

132
Q

What are DNA made of?

A

4 different deoxyribonulceotides ➡️ Monomer of DNA

133
Q

Function of DNA?

A

Storage of genetic information

134
Q

RNA = ?

A

ribonucleic acids

135
Q

What are RNA made of?

A

4 different ribonucleotides ➡️ Monomer of RNA

136
Q

What is the function of RNA?

A

protein synthesis (making, creating proteins)

137
Q

Give me an example of a nucleotide that has a central role in metabolism as energy carriers

A

ATP ➡️ adenosine triphosphate

138
Q

Difference in overall structure of DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: ds (double stranded) ➡️ Double helix, antiparallel, complementaryRNA: SS (single stranded) [Image]

139
Q

Difference in monomers DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: deoxyribonucleotidesRNA: ribonucleotides

140
Q

Difference of pentose sugar DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: deoxyribose (OH and H)RNA: ribose (x2 OH) [Image]

141
Q

Difference of the base between DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: GATCRNA: GAUC

142
Q

Difference in functions for DNA and RNA:

A

DNA: store genetic informationRNA: genetic info for making proteins in cytoplasm

143
Q

Where are DNA and RNA found in the cell?

A

✔ DNA: Nucleus✔ RNA: Cytoplasm

144
Q

What is chromatin?

A

✔ DNA packaged with proteins✔ Forms chromosomes [Image] [Image]

145
Q

Name the base for DNA ➡️ GATC

A

G ➡️ GuanineA ➡️ AdenineT ➡️ ThymineC ➡️ Cytosine

146
Q

Name the bases for RNA ➡️ GAUC

A

SAME AS DNA instead U replaces TU ➡️ Uracil

147
Q

What is the direction of a DNA strand?

A

5’ → 3’

148
Q

What do we find on carbon 5’ and 3’?

A
  • Phosphate on 5’ carbon- Sugar + OHon 3’ carbon
149
Q

What is the bas pair rule for DNA?

A

A - TC - G

150
Q

Why arethe two strands of DNA considered antiparallel?

A

becaus their orientation is opposite5’ ➡️ 3’3’ ➡️ 5’

151
Q

What are double helix?

A

form of DNA [Image]

152
Q

How many combinations of aa are possible in a polypeptide (protein)?

A

20^nn = # of aa in protein

153
Q

What does this represent? [Image]

154
Q

What are the three components of ATP

A
  • adenine- ribose- 3 phosphates [Image]
155
Q

What is the role of ATP?

A

energy currency of cell ➡️ It gives cells the power to do work

156
Q

What is the hierarchy of DNA/RNA structure?

A
  1. Polynucleotide/Nucleic Acid ➡️ long chain of nucleotides linked tgt2. Nucleotides ➡️ Pentose sugar + Nitrogeneous bases + Phosphate group3. Nitrogenous bases and sugars ➡️ GATC/GAUC and Deoxyribose/Ribose [Image] [Image] [Image]
157
Q

What are the three components of nucleotides?

A
  • phosphate group- nitrogenousbase- sugar [Image]
158
Q

What is the name of this reaction? [Image]

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

159
Q

Explain the hydrolysis of ATP: (3)

A
  • ATP + water ➡️ ADP +P (inorganic phosphate) + release of Gibbs free energy- It’s inorganic because its not attached to a carbon-based molecule- ADP ➡️ because there’s not 3 phosphate but only two attached to the ribose and adenine ➡️ diphosphate
160
Q

What is ATP hydrolysis associated with?

A

release of Gibbs free energy

161
Q

What types of cellular work does ATP power, require energy? (3)

A
  1. Chemical work → Powers anabolic reactions (building molecules)2. Mechanical work → cellular mvt, muscle contraction3. Transport → molecules across CM
162
Q

Describe ATP cylce

A

1️⃣ ATP is broken down through hydrolysis with water → Releases energy for the cell (for 3 types of cellular work)2️⃣ ADP & Pi are recycled → Energy from food recharges ATP.3️⃣ The cycle repeats so the cell always has energy [Image]

163
Q

Name for releasing and input of Gibbs free energy

A

Exergonic ➡️ release G energyEndergonic ➡️ input of G energy

164
Q

What is the backbone of proteins?

165
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

single rings

166
Q

Name the 3 pyrimidines

167
Q

What are purines?

A

double ring

168
Q

Name the 2 purines

169
Q

To which category of macromolecules do these belong and are they monomer polymers or others? [Image]

A

✅Carbohydrate➡️ lactose is a disaccharide SO NOT A POLYMER➡️ only polysaccharides are true polymers (starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin)✅ others

170
Q

To which categories of macromolecules do these belong and is it a monomer polymer or others? [Image]

A

✅ protein (polypeptide)💡Hint: peptide bond, R group of aa (side chains) and OH bonds between carboxyl and amino ends in secondary structure✅ polymer (repeating amino acids)

171
Q

To which category of macromolecules do this belong and is it a polymer monomer or others? [Image]

A

✅ nucleic acid✅ in the picture, these are the monomers of nucleic acids

172
Q

To which category of macromolecules does this belong and is it a polymer monomer or others? [Image]

A

✅ lipid💡hint there Is a carbon double bond in the middle, which means that it’s a unsaturated fatty acid✅ Others, because lipids are not true polymers they are not made of the same repeating monomer

Biology I (9 decks)

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