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Bio 201 > Chapter 6 Cartilage and bone > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Cartilage and bone Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Skeletal System

A

An organ system with tissues that grow and change throughout life. Including bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, and tendons.

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2
Q

Cartilage

A

A connective tissue that is weaker than bone but more stretchy and resilient. Mature/ old cartilage is avascular

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3
Q

What are the three types of cartilage

A

Hyaline Cartilage, Fibrocartilage, Elastic Cartilage

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4
Q

Functions of Cartilages

A

Supports soft tissues, Smooth surfaces where bones meet, reduces friction, Model for bone growth

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5
Q

Interstitial Growth

A

Growth within the cartilage

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6
Q

Appositional Growth

A

Growth along the outside of the cartilage

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division that results in two daughter cells.

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8
Q

How many tissue types do bones have

A

Four

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9
Q

What tissue is primarily in bones

A

Connective tissue

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10
Q

Functions of bone

A

The movement supports and protects, hemopoiesis, storage of energy, and minerals.

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11
Q

Long bones

A

Greater length than width

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12
Q

Short bones

A

Almost equal length and width

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13
Q

Flat bones

A

Thin surface

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14
Q

irregular bones

A

complex shapes

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15
Q

What is the shaft of the long bone called

A

Diaphysis

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16
Q

What is the bottom area of the long bone called

A

Distal Epiphysis

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17
Q

What is the top area of the long bone called

A

Proximal Epiphysis

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18
Q

The region between the Diaphysis and Epiphysis

A

Metaphysis

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19
Q

The cartilage that covers the Epiphysis

A

Articular/hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

The hollow inside of the diaphysis

A

Medullary cavity

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21
Q

Endosteum

A

The most internal surfaces of bones

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22
Q

Periosteum

A

Covers the external surfaces of bones

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23
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

Stem cells are found in Endosteum and Periosteum

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Form bone matrix

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25
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintains the matrix, detects mechanical stress on the bone

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26
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Large multicellular cells that dissolve bone matrix

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27
Q

Organic/living components of bone matrix

A

Cells, collagen, and ground substance

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28
Q

inorganic/nonliving component of bone matrix

A

Calcium

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29
Q

Compact bone

A

Solid and relatively dense, the external layers of long and flat bones

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30
Q

Spongy bone

A

Internal surface of bones.

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31
Q

Flat bones in the skull

A

Two layers of compact bones with a spongy bone in between

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32
Q

Osteon

A

The basic structural and functional unit of mature compact bone.

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33
Q

Central Canal

A

the center of the osteon and carries blood vessels and nerves

34
Q

Canaliculi

A

Tiny connecting channels within the bone, Allows osteocytes to communicate

35
Q

Perforating canals

A

Connects central canals, passageways for blood vessels and nerves

36
Q

Concentric Lamellae

A

Rings around the central canal

37
Q

Circumferential Lamellae

A

runs the entire circumference if the bone

38
Q

Interstitial Lamellae

A

Leftover parts of the osteon that have been partially resorbed

39
Q

Ossification

A

The formation and development of the bone

40
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

Produces flat bones of the skull, and some facial bones

41
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Begins with hyaline cartilage model, produces a majority of the bones in the body

42
Q

Epiphyseal plate morphology

A

A layer of hyaline cartilage at the boundary of the epiphysis and diaphysis

43
Q

Zones of the Epiphyseal plate

A

resting cartilage, proliferating cartilage, hypertrophic cartilage, calcified cartilage, and ossification.

44
Q

Zone of resting Cartilage

A

Farthest from the medullary cavity and nearest to the epiphysis

45
Q

Zone of proliferating Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes undergo rapid cell division

46
Q

Zone of hypertrophic Cartilage

A

Chondrocytes cease dividing, cells become enlarged

47
Q

Zone of Calcified Cartilage

A

Deposits minerals to kill Chondrocytes

48
Q

Zone of ossification

A

Walls of the lacunae break down and forms channels that become invaded with capillaries

49
Q

Interstitial growth

A

A long bones growth in length

50
Q

Appositional growth

A

Growth in a bones diameter

51
Q

Growth, Maintenance, and repair depend on

A

hormones, vitamins, Excercise

52
Q

Growth Hormones

A

Liver stimulation to produce the hormone,which causes cartilage proliferation

53
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A

Stimulates bone growth by a metabolic rate of osteoblasts.

54
Q

Calcitonin

A

Promotes calcium decomposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity

55
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

Increases blood calcium levels

56
Q

Sex hormones

A

Stimulates osteoblasts

57
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

If levels are too high, bone resorption occurs and significant bone mass is lost

58
Q

Vitamin A

A

activates osteoblasts

59
Q

Vitamin C

A

Promotes production of osteoblasts

60
Q

Vitamin D

A

Allows calcium to be absorbed

61
Q

How long does it take for a fracture to heal

A

A few months or more ( depending on the fracture)

62
Q

Step 1 of the fracture healing process

A

A fracture hematoma forms

63
Q

Step 2 of the fracture healing process

A

A fibrocartilaginous callus forms

64
Q

Step 3 of the fracture healing process

A

A bony callus forms

65
Q

The final step of the fracture healing process

A

The bone is remodeled

66
Q

What is a stress fracture

A

A tiny fracture resulting from overuse or repeated forces

67
Q

Pathology fracture

A

Weakening of a bone caused by the disease process

68
Q

Trauma fracture

A

fracture due to impact or increased tension

69
Q

Colles fracture

A

Fracture of the distal end of the radius

70
Q

Pott fracture

A

Fracture at the distal of the fibula at the end of the tibia

71
Q

Avulsion

A

Bone is broken by the pull of tendons and ligaments

72
Q

Complete

A

Bone is broken into two or more pieces

73
Q

Compression

A

Bone is squashed

74
Q

Depressed

A

The broken part of the bone forms a concave

75
Q

Epiphyseal

A

The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis

76
Q

Greenstick

A

Partial fracture

77
Q

Simple

A

closed, the bone does not break through the skin

78
Q

Compound

A

open, broken ends of the bone protruding from the skin

79
Q

What two ways does bone change during aging

A

Loses the ability to produce organic matrix, and loses calcium and other materials

80
Q

Osteoporosis

A

decrease in bone mass, increase chances in fractures

Bio 201 (4 decks)

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