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Anatomy and Physiology I > Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Bones and Bone Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • support
  • mineral and lipid storage
  • blood cell production
  • protection
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2
Q

What are the (6) different bone shapes?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Sesamoid
  • Sutural
  • Irregular
  • Flat
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3
Q

Where are sutural bones and what do they look like?

A
  • Found between flat bones of skull

- Appearance like edges of a jigsaw puzzle

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4
Q

What are irregular bones and what do they look like?

A
  • Vertebrae, some pelvis bones, some bones in the skull

- Irregularly shaped bones

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5
Q

What are short bones and what do they look like?

A
  • For example, carpal bones and tarsal bones

- Boxlike shape

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6
Q

What are flat bones and what do they look like?

A
  • Skull roof, sternum, ribs and scapulae

- Thin parallel surfaces

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7
Q

What are the functions of flat bones?

A
  • Provide protection

- Surface area for muscle attachment

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8
Q

What are long bones and what do they look like?

A
  • Found on limbs of the body
  • Long and slender bones
  • Heaviest bone in the body is a long bone: the femur
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9
Q

What are sesamoid bones and what do they look like?

A
  • found near joints such as knees, hands and feet (patella)

- small, round and flat bones

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10
Q

What is a process?

A

-A projection or bump

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11
Q

What is a ramus? What is its function?

A
  • Part of bone that forms angle with the rest of the structure
  • Example: Mandible
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12
Q

What is a sinus?

A

-A chamber within bone filled with air and mucous

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13
Q

What is a foramen? What is its function?

A
  • A rounded passageway

- Passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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14
Q

What is a fissure?

A

-A deep furrow, cleft or slit

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15
Q

What is a meatus?

A
  • A passage or channel

- Particularly the opening of a channel

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16
Q

What is a canal?

A

-A duct or channel

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17
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

-A narrow groove

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18
Q

What is a fossa?

A

-A shallow depression

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19
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

-A large, rough projection

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20
Q

What is a crest?

A

-A prominent ridge

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21
Q

What is a line?

A

-A low ridge

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22
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

-A small, rounded projection

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23
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

-A rough projection

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24
Q

What is a head?

A

-Articular end of bone (epiphysis), separated from shaft by a narrow neck

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25
Q

What is a neck?

A

-Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis

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26
Q

What is a facet?

A

-A small, flat, articular surface

27
Q

What is a condyle?

A

-A smooth, rounded articular surface

28
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

-A smooth, grooved articular process that looks like a pulley

29
Q

What are the functions of bone markings?

A
  • Openings and passageways for blood vessels or nerves to fit through
  • Projections that articulate with other bones and allow for muscle, tendon and ligament attachment
30
Q

What are the four types of bone cells?

A
  • Osteoblasts
  • Ostyocytes
  • Osteoclasts
  • Osteogenic cells
31
Q

What are osteogenic cells? What is their function and where are they located?

A
  • Divide to produce osteoblasts
  • Help repair fractures by producing osteoblasts that create new bone
  • They are located at the endosteum and inner layer of the periosteum
32
Q

What are osteoblasts? What is their function?

A
  • Immature cells that create new bone matrix

- Become osteocytes when surrounded by bone matrix

33
Q

What are osteocytes? What is their function and where are they located?

A
  • Mature bone cells that don’t divide
  • Maintin protein and mineral content in matrix and help repair damaged bone
  • Found in lacunae between matrix layers
34
Q

What are osteoclasts? What is their function?

A
  • Absorb and remove bone matrix

- Dissolve matrix to release stored minerals

35
Q

What structures are found uniquely in spongy bone? What is the function of this type of bone?

A
  • Trabeculae

- Reduces density of bone; blood cell production

36
Q

What structures are found uniquely in compact bone? What is the function of this type of bone?

A
  • Osteon

- Provides protection and strength; resists stress by weight and movement

37
Q

What are the two types of ossification in bones?

A
  • Endochondral

- Intramembranous

38
Q

How many steps are involved in endochondral ossification?

A

7

39
Q

How many steps are involved in intramembranous ossification?

A

5

40
Q

What happens during each step of endochondral ossification? (In detail)

A

1) Bone starts out as hyaline cartilage. The cartilage grows along with chondrocytes (the cell present in hyaline cartilage) - the chondrocytes then calcify turning into struts, then die and disappear leaving behind empty cavities in their place.
2) Blood vessels begin growing at the edges of the cartilage, vascularizing the perichondrium and allowing it to turn into osteoblasts that produce bone matrix. The osteoblasts particularly create this matrix at the sites surrounding the primary ossification center at the shaft of the bone - the outter sheath of bone is called the periosteum.
3) The blood vessels penetrate the bone along with fibroblasts that differentiate into osteoblasts. The blood vessels speed up the production of spongy bone by osteoblasts at the primary ossification center of the cartilage.
4) As remodelling happens with chondrocyte growth and death outward from the ossification center and spongy bone production from osteoblasts, a more prominent medullary cavity is created. The bone tissue in the shaft strengthens and the cartilage near the epiphyseal plate turns into bone, forming the metaphysis of the bone.
5) Secondary ossification centers are created when capillaries and osteoblasts invade the epiphyses at each end of the bone.
6) Epiphyseal cartilage surrounds the secondary ossification centers, and as spongy bone is produced outward from this location, an epiphyseal plate is created at the metaphysis of the bone. At the diaphysis side of this plate the cartilage turns into bone, and at the same rate on the epiphyseal side of the plate new cartilage is formed.
7) At puberty, epiphyseal cartilage stops being produced while osteoblast activity increases. This causes the epiphyseal plate to narrow and eventually disappear in a process called epiphyseal closure, leaving behind an epiphyseal line in its place. At the articular end of each side of bone, articular cartilage is left behind for the protection at these articulation points with other bones.

41
Q

What is the purpose of endochondral ossification?

A
  • Growth length wise of bones (interstitial growth)

- Happens in long bones, short bones, and some irregular bones

42
Q

What is the purpose of intramembranous ossification?

A
  • Also called dermal ossification

- Produces dermal bones of mandible, clavicles and some flat bones of the skull

43
Q

What are the five steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1) Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. The osteoblasts begin secreting the organic compounds that make up the matrix, resulting in osteoids. The osteoids are then mineralized, becoming matrix.
2) The osteoblasts are eventually surrounded by matrix, and become mature osteocytes. The bone matrix continues growing outward from ossification centers in the formation of struts called spicules.
3) With the vascularization of the bone, matrix creation speeds up, growing the spicules until they interconnect and surround the blood vessels.
4) Bone is deposited further around the blood vessels, creating a meshwork of spongy bone surrounding all of the blood vessels.
5) Further remodeling around the blood vessels produces the osteons that are unique to compact bone. The osteoblasts and connective tissue that make up the surface of the bone become the periosteum.

44
Q

What is bone remodeling? What is its function and what cells does this process involve?

A
  • Occurs throughout life
  • For bone maintenance
  • Involves osteoblasts(deposit), osteoclasts(remove) and osteocytes(deposit) for deposition and removal of bone when needed
45
Q

What are the effects of exercise on bones?

A
  • Bones that are stressed become stronger and thicker, while lack of exercise degrades these qualities
  • Weight-bearing exercise stimulates osteoblasts
46
Q

What nutrients and hormones are involved in bone development? (7)

A
  • Calcitrol (made in kidneys from sun exposure to allow for absorption of ions in digestion to allow for more calcium absorption)
  • Vitamin C (osteoblast differentiation stimulation)
  • Vitamin A (osteoblast activity)
  • Vitamin K + B (protein synthesis)
  • Growth hormones (bone growth)
  • Sex Hormones (osteoblast activity)
  • Parathyroid and Calcitonin (maintain calcium ion homeostasis)
47
Q

Minerals contained in bones from most to least abundance: (6)

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphate
  • Carbonate
  • Magnesium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
48
Q

What are the different types of fractures? (9)

A
  • transverse
  • displaced
  • compression
  • spiral
  • epiphyseal
  • comminuted
  • greenstick
  • Colles
  • Pott’s
49
Q

What is a transverse fracture?

A

Perpendicular to shaft of the bone

50
Q

What is a displaced fracture?

A

Breaks into two or more pieces, moves out of alignment

51
Q

What is a compression fracture?

A
  • Specific to vertebrae

- Vertebral collapse makes vertebrae shorter

52
Q

What is a spiral fracture?

A
  • From a high energy impact

- Bone fracture looks like a spiral staircase/spire

53
Q

What is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

-When area above/below growth plate fractures (at the ends of bones)

54
Q

What is a comminuted fracture?

A
  • A high energy impact break

- Bone splinters into two or more fragments

55
Q

What is a greenstick fracture?

A

-When it bends and cracks instead of breaking into two pieces

56
Q

What is a Colles fracture?

A

-Fracture of the wrist often resulting from catching yourself in a fall

57
Q

What is a Pott’s fracture?

A

-A break to the lateral bony protrusion of the ankle

58
Q

What are the four steps of fracture repair?

A

1) Fracture hematoma formation
2) Callus formation
3) Spongy bone formation
4) Compact bone formation

59
Q

What happens during fracture hematoma formation?

A

A blood clot forms at the cite of the break, causing the bone cells in the area to die

60
Q

What happens during callus formation during bone repair?

A

Internal and external callus’ are created in order to stabilize the break. The callus is created when cells at the endosteum and periosteum divide and migrate to the fracture zone

61
Q

What happens during spongy bone formation during bone repair?

A

Osteoblasts replace the central cartilage of the external callus with spongy bone

62
Q

What happens during compact bone formation during bone repair?

A

The repaired bone may be slightly thicker and stronger than normal

63
Q

How does aging affect the skeletal system?

A

Causes weakness from:

  • Osteoporosis (severe bone loss)
  • Osteopenia (inadequate ossification, particularly in mandible, epiphysis and vertebrae, respectively causing tooth loss, fragile limbs, and loss of height)
  • Less sex hormones being produced, particularly in women
  • Cancer - causes osteoclast-activating factor

Anatomy and Physiology I (3 decks)

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