Chapter 6 - Blood And Lymphatic Systems Flashcards
Blast/o
Germ or bud
Chrom/o, chromat/o
Color
Chyl/o
Juice
Cyt/o
Cell
Hem/o, hemat/o
Blood
Immun/o
Safe
Lymph/o
Clear fluid
Morph/o
Form
Myel/o
Bone marrow or spinal cord
Phag/o
Eat or swallow
Plas/o
Formation
Reticul/o
A net
Splen/o
Spleen
Thromb/o
Clot
Thym/o
Thymus gland
Plasma
Liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, protein, and cellular components (I.e., leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)
Serum
Liquid portion of the blood that’s remains after clotting
Erythrocyte
Red blood cell; transports [O] and [CO2]
Hemoglobin
The protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
Leukocyte
White blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances
Granulocytes
A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm
Neutrophil
A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte
Another term for neutrophil, referring to many segments in its nucleus
Esinophil
A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions
Basophils
A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings angticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues
Arganulocytes
A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei
Lymphocytes
An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow-derived), and natural killer (NK) cells
Monocytes
An arganulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection
Platelets
Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
Thymus
Primary gland of the lymphatic system, located between the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes
Spleen
Organ between the stomach and the diaphragms that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris but performing phagocytosis and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune response
Lymph
Fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels
Lymph Capillaries
Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels
Lymph vessels
Vessels that receive lymph from the capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes
lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines that absorb fat into the bloodstream
Chyle
White or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
Lymph nodes
Many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, auxiliary, and inguinal allowing regions
Lymph ducts
Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins
Right lymphatic duct
Receives lymph from the right upper part of the body
Thoracic duct
Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck. Chest, abdomen, left arm and lower extremities
Immunity
Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen
Antigen
A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it
Antibody
A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivated an antigen that has entered the body
Active immunity
A long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine
Passive Immunity
A short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are converted either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injections of a serum containing antibodies
Ansiocytosis
Presence of red blood of unequal size
Poikilocytosis
Presence of large, irregular shaped red blood cells
Reticulocytosis
An increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood
Erythropenia
An abnormally reduced number of red blood cells
lymphocytopenia
an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes
Neutropenia
A decreased number of neutrophils
Pancytopenia
An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood
Thrombocytopenia
An abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process
Hemolysis
Breakdown of the red blood cell membrane
Immunocompromised
Impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents
Immunosuppression
Impaired ability to provide an immune response
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes
Splenomegaly
Enlargement of the spleen
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood
Anemia
A condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues
Aplastic anemia
A normocytic-normochronic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells
Iron deficiency anemia
A micro cystic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin
Pernicious anemia
A macrocyclic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number
Autoimmune disease
Any disorder characterized by abnormal function of immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases
Erythroblastosis fetalis
A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus
Rh factor
Presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood
Rh-positive
Presence of antigen
Rh-negative
Absence of antigens
Hemochromatosis
Hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body
Hemophilia
A group of hereditary bleeding discovers caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood
Leukemia
Chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow
Myelodysplasia
Disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia
Lymphoma
Any neoplasticism disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant as in Hodgkin’s disease
Metastasis
Process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites
Mononucleosis
Condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)
Polycythemia
Increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood
Septicemia
Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood
Phlebotomy/venipuncture
Incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing
Blood chemistry
Test of the flood portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents
Blood chemistry panels
Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry test performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen fo disease or to target specific organs or conditions
Basic metabolic panel
Battery of test used as a general screen for diseases; includes test for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen
Comprehensive metabolic panel
Tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphates eve, protein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartame aminotransferase
Blood culture
Test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms that; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified
CD4 cell count
A measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adults range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma
Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)
Test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders
Thromboplastin
Substance in tissues, platelets, and leukocyte that is necessary for coagulation
Prothrombin time (PT)
Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
Prothrombin
Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood
Complete blood count (CBC)
A common laboratory blood test performed as a scene of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component test that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinicians can interpret the results based ion the instrumentation used by the laboratory; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate
White blood count (WBC)
A count of the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
Red blood count (RBC)
A count of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods
Hemoglobin (HGB)
A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin
Hematocrit (HCT)
A measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood
Blood indices
Calculations of ARBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentrations, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
Calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HBG and RBC results: MCH=HBG/RBC
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
Calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cells using HBG and HCT results: MCHC=HBG/HCT
Differential count
Determination of the number of each type of white blood cell in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined
Red cell morphology
As part of identifying and counting the white blood cells, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted
Platelet count (PLT)
Calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets given volume of blood
Bone marrow aspiration
Needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination
Bone marrow biopsy
Pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue
Lymphangiogram
An x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a constant medium
Computed tomography (CT)
Full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma
Positron-emission tomography (PET)
Scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and CT technology to produces images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma
Bone marrow transplant
Transplantation off healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production
Lymphadenectomy
Removal of a lymph node
Lymphadenotomy
Incision into a lymph node
Lymph node dissection
Removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination
Splenectomy
Removal of the spleen
Thymectomy
Removal of the thymus gland
Blood transfusion
Introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner
Autologous blood
Blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use
Homologous blood
Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient
Blood component therapy
Transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma
Cross matching
Method of matching a donors blood to the recipient by mixing sample in a test tube to determine compatibility
Chemotherapy
Treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or to impair their ability to reproduce
Immunotherapy
Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms, ass even in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy
Plasmaphresis
Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion
Anticoagulant
A drug that prevents clotting of the blood
Hemostatic
A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels
Vasoconstrictor
A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
Vasodilator
A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Calculation of the volume (size) of individual red blood cells using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC
