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Biology 220: Medical Terminology > Chapter 6 - Blood And Lymphatic Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Blood And Lymphatic Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Blast/o

A

Germ or bud

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2
Q

Chrom/o, chromat/o

A

Color

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3
Q

Chyl/o

A

Juice

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4
Q

Cyt/o

A

Cell

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5
Q

Hem/o, hemat/o

A

Blood

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6
Q

Immun/o

A

Safe

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7
Q

Lymph/o

A

Clear fluid

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8
Q

Morph/o

A

Form

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9
Q

Myel/o

A

Bone marrow or spinal cord

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10
Q

Phag/o

A

Eat or swallow

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11
Q

Plas/o

A

Formation

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12
Q

Reticul/o

A

A net

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13
Q

Splen/o

A

Spleen

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14
Q

Thromb/o

A

Clot

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15
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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16
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, protein, and cellular components (I.e., leukocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets)

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17
Q

Serum

A

Liquid portion of the blood that’s remains after clotting

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18
Q

Erythrocyte

A

Red blood cell; transports [O] and [CO2]

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19
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Leukocyte

A

White blood cell; protects the body from harmful invading substances

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21
Q

Granulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm

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22
Q

Neutrophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules, that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis)

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23
Q

Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte

A

Another term for neutrophil, referring to many segments in its nucleus

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24
Q

Esinophil

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions

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25
Q

Basophils

A

A granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings angticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

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26
Q

Arganulocytes

A

A group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei

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27
Q

Lymphocytes

A

An agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus dependent), B cells (bone marrow-derived), and natural killer (NK) cells

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28
Q

Monocytes

A

An arganulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

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29
Q

Platelets

A

Thrombocytes; cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation)

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30
Q

Thymus

A

Primary gland of the lymphatic system, located between the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body’s immune response by producing T lymphocytes

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31
Q

Spleen

A

Organ between the stomach and the diaphragms that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris but performing phagocytosis and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune response

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32
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels

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33
Q

Lymph Capillaries

A

Microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels

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34
Q

Lymph vessels

A

Vessels that receive lymph from the capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes

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35
Q

lacteals

A

Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines that absorb fat into the bloodstream

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36
Q

Chyle

A

White or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

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37
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, auxiliary, and inguinal allowing regions

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38
Q

Lymph ducts

A

Collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins

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39
Q

Right lymphatic duct

A

Receives lymph from the right upper part of the body

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40
Q

Thoracic duct

A

Receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck. Chest, abdomen, left arm and lower extremities

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41
Q

Immunity

A

Process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen

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42
Q

Antigen

A

A substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it

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43
Q

Antibody

A

A substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivated an antigen that has entered the body

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44
Q

Active immunity

A

A long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine

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45
Q

Passive Immunity

A

A short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are converted either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injections of a serum containing antibodies

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46
Q

Ansiocytosis

A

Presence of red blood of unequal size

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47
Q

Poikilocytosis

A

Presence of large, irregular shaped red blood cells

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48
Q

Reticulocytosis

A

An increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood

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49
Q

Erythropenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of red blood cells

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50
Q

lymphocytopenia

A

an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes

51
Q

Neutropenia

A

A decreased number of neutrophils

52
Q

Pancytopenia

A

An abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood

53
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

An abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process

54
Q

Hemolysis

A

Breakdown of the red blood cell membrane

55
Q

Immunocompromised

A

Impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents

56
Q

Immunosuppression

A

Impaired ability to provide an immune response

57
Q

Lymphadenopathy

A

Enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes

58
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Enlargement of the spleen

59
Q

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

A syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood

60
Q

Anemia

A

A condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to the tissues

61
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

A normocytic-normochronic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells

62
Q

Iron deficiency anemia

A

A micro cystic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin

63
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

A macrocyclic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number

64
Q

Autoimmune disease

A

Any disorder characterized by abnormal function of immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases

65
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

A disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus

66
Q

Rh factor

A

Presence or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells, which causes a reaction between Rh-positive blood and Rh-negative blood

67
Q

Rh-positive

A

Presence of antigen

68
Q

Rh-negative

A

Absence of antigens

69
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body

70
Q

Hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding discovers caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood

71
Q

Leukemia

A

Chronic or acute malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow

72
Q

Myelodysplasia

A

Disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells; usually develops into a specific type of leukemia

73
Q

Lymphoma

A

Any neoplasticism disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant as in Hodgkin’s disease

74
Q

Metastasis

A

Process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites

75
Q

Mononucleosis

A

Condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis)

76
Q

Polycythemia

A

Increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood

77
Q

Septicemia

A

Systemic disease caused by infection with microorganisms and their toxins in circulating blood

78
Q

Phlebotomy/venipuncture

A

Incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing

79
Q

Blood chemistry

A

Test of the flood portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents

80
Q

Blood chemistry panels

A

Specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry test performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen fo disease or to target specific organs or conditions

81
Q

Basic metabolic panel

A

Battery of test used as a general screen for diseases; includes test for calcium, carbon dioxide, chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen

82
Q

Comprehensive metabolic panel

A

Tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphates eve, protein, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartame aminotransferase

83
Q

Blood culture

A

Test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms that; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified

84
Q

CD4 cell count

A

A measure of the number of CD4 cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adults range is 600-1500 cells in a given volume of blood

85
Q

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)

A

Timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma

86
Q

Partial thromboplastin time (PTT)

A

Test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders

87
Q

Thromboplastin

A

Substance in tissues, platelets, and leukocyte that is necessary for coagulation

88
Q

Prothrombin time (PT)

A

Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

89
Q

Prothrombin

A

Test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood

90
Q

Complete blood count (CBC)

A

A common laboratory blood test performed as a scene of general health or for diagnostic purposes and typically includes the component test that follow; test results are usually reported along with normal values so that the clinicians can interpret the results based ion the instrumentation used by the laboratory; normal ranges also may vary depending on the region and climate

91
Q

White blood count (WBC)

A

A count of the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods

92
Q

Red blood count (RBC)

A

A count of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods

93
Q

Hemoglobin (HGB)

A

A test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin

94
Q

Hematocrit (HCT)

A

A measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood

96
Q

Blood indices

A

Calculations of ARBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentrations, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia

97
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)

A

Calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HBG and RBC results: MCH=HBG/RBC

98
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)

A

Calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cells using HBG and HCT results: MCHC=HBG/HCT

99
Q

Differential count

A

Determination of the number of each type of white blood cell in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined

100
Q

Red cell morphology

A

As part of identifying and counting the white blood cells, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted

101
Q

Platelet count (PLT)

A

Calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets given volume of blood

102
Q

Bone marrow aspiration

A

Needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination

103
Q

Bone marrow biopsy

A

Pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue

104
Q

Lymphangiogram

A

An x-ray image of a lymph node or vessel obtained after injection of a constant medium

105
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma

106
Q

Positron-emission tomography (PET)

A

Scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and CT technology to produces images of anatomy and metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers or to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma

107
Q

Bone marrow transplant

A

Transplantation off healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production

108
Q

Lymphadenectomy

A

Removal of a lymph node

109
Q

Lymphadenotomy

A

Incision into a lymph node

110
Q

Lymph node dissection

A

Removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination

111
Q

Splenectomy

A

Removal of the spleen

112
Q

Thymectomy

A

Removal of the thymus gland

113
Q

Blood transfusion

A

Introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner

114
Q

Autologous blood

A

Blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use

115
Q

Homologous blood

A

Blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient

116
Q

Blood component therapy

A

Transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma

117
Q

Cross matching

A

Method of matching a donors blood to the recipient by mixing sample in a test tube to determine compatibility

118
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or to impair their ability to reproduce

119
Q

Immunotherapy

A

Use of biological agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body’s own defense mechanisms, ass even in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy

120
Q

Plasmaphresis

A

Removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion

121
Q

Anticoagulant

A

A drug that prevents clotting of the blood

122
Q

Hemostatic

A

A drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels

123
Q

Vasoconstrictor

A

A drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

124
Q

Vasodilator

A

A drug that causes dilation of blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

125
Q

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)

A

Calculation of the volume (size) of individual red blood cells using HCT and RBC results: MCV=HCT/RBC

Biology 220: Medical Terminology (5 decks)

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