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3M03 (Test 2) > Chapter 6: Arousal & Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Arousal & Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Arousal

A

alert
wakefulness
active
sympathetic NS

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2
Q

Underarousal

A

Poor performance
low affect
motivated to do something

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3
Q

Moderate Arousal

A

good performance

good affect

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4
Q

Overarousal

A

performance impaired
unpleasant
motivated to become less aroused

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5
Q

Boredom

A

Associated with underarousal, unpleasantness
Motivation for change, excitement
Can lead to: irritability, decreased attention, decreased HR, decreased BP, and poor performance over time

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6
Q

Sensation seeking

What occurs, and who is most prevalent in

A

Increases in Monoamine activity (more aroused during these activities)
Adrenal medulla activations

Risk taking greatest in unaffiliated males (males not in long-term partnerships/no offspring)

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7
Q

Surprise

A

Sudden elevated rate of arousal (more alert)
Startle reflex
Violation of expectancy
Stereotyped facial expressions (mouth opening, eyes agape, ears perk)

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8
Q

Stress

A

Psychophysiological consequence of any event that challenges organism’s capacity to cope

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9
Q

Stressor

A

any stimuli that disrupt organism’s homeostatic state, requiring adjustment/adaptation

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10
Q

Rebound (return to homeostasis)

A

Parasympathetic NS activation occurs in conjunction with slow sympathetic
NS deactivation
Central ACh release

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11
Q

Exhaustion (extreme stress for weeks)

- Causes

A

Excessive adrenocortical activity
Depleted NTs
Idiosyncratic weaknesses emerge
Physiological and/or mental illnesses emerge

Causes: Heart failure and stroke, Ulcers, Decreased immunity, Tumor growth, Depression and suicide

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12
Q

Acute Stress Physiology

A

Sympathetic NS activation
Adrenal catecholamine release (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Central catecholamine release (dopamine and norepinephrine)

HPA axis activation
(CRF –> ACTH–> Adrenal Cortex –> Cortisol)

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13
Q

Examples of Acute Stressors

A 
Novelty 
Loss in status
Loss of control
Cognitive challenge 
Failure in performance 
Isolation (in social species)
Smaller reward than expected
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14
Q

Chronic Stress Physiology

A

Prolonged HPA axis activation
Adrenal catecholamine release (epinephrine/NE)

Hypothalamus (CRF/CRH)–>Anterior pituitary (ACTH) –>adrenal cortex (cortisol)
Cortisol will decrease in neg feedback loop

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15
Q

Examples of Chronic Stressors

A

Severe loss of control
Chronic coping failure
Social subordination

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16
Q

Cortisol (effects)

A

Liberation of stored energy (glycogen to glucose)
Conversion of amino acids and fatty acids to glucose
Stimulation of appetite
Facilitation of adrenaline release from adrenal glands
Temporary suppression of growth hormone and immunity

17
Q

Cortisol & Appetite

  • stressors
  • effects
A

Stressors:
Females: social stress
Males: achievement-failure

Exposure from young age=oversensitivity & eating
Inhibits leptin –increases fat & sugar consumption

18
Q

Emotional vs Non-emotional eaters:

A

Ghrelin increases when stressed –causes hypothalamus to release NPY which increase hunger
Returns to baseline quickly in non-emotional eaters, stays elevated in emotional eaters

19
Q

CRF

A

Can have direct anxiogenic effects

20
Q

ACTH

A

Normally acts on adrenal cortex, also acts in brain to increase catecholamine activity

21
Q

Corticosteroids (Periphery)

A

Increased metabolism
Decreased immune response
Inhibited growth and reproduction

22
Q

Corticosteroids (Brain)

A

Bind selectively in limbic system (hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, septum)
Moderate levels can inhibit monoamine oxidase (MAO), which breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, promoting positive affect
Chronically high levels correlated with depression

23
Q

Chronic Stress Impacts

A 
Suppression of immunity, growth hormone, & reproduction
Reduced central monoamine activity
Elevated blood pressure
Diminished affect
Hippocampal damage (causes memory loss)
Weight gain around midsection
Shorter life span
Increased cardiac death in individual when partner dies
24
Q

How can stress inhibit reproduction?

A

Females affected more than males (gestation, nursing)

Inhibition of ovulation, cycling, pregnancy disruption

25
Q

Coping

A

Successfully dealing with a situation, followed by return to normal levels of arousal

26
Q

Short Term Effects of PTSD

A

Immediately after the experience
Shock, terror, delirium, sleeplessness,
sensory disturbances, coma

27
Q

Long Term Effects of PTSD

A

Paranoia, delusions, night terrors,
emotional lability, depression,
sweating, enuresis, headaches,
other sensorimotor difficulties

28
Q

Epel et al.

Caregiving & Telomeres

A

longer the length of caregiving the shorter the telomeres

higher the level of perceived stress, shorter the telomeres

3M03 (Test 2) (5 decks)

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