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3M03 (Test 2) > Chapter 10: Happiness, Sadness, Coping > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Happiness, Sadness, Coping Flashcards

1
Q

Positive affect vs Negative affect

A

Positive affect elicited by gains and success

Negative affect elicited by loss and failure

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2
Q

Positive Affect Expression

A 
Facial: Smile 
Posture: Erect (upright =confident) 
Activation: Energized 
Vocalization: Voice contours up 
Behavioural Patterns: Laughter
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3
Q

Negative Affect Expression

A 
Facial: frown, grimace 
Posture: slumped 
Activation: slow
Vocalization: Voice contours down
Behavioural Patterns: crying
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4
Q

Smiling

A

Emerges early in development, often first during mother-infant interactions

Genuine smiles involve muscle activation around eyes
False smiles do not involve cheek raising or eye wrinkles

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5
Q

Laughing

A

Occurs in many species, all cultures and emerges early in infancy
Complex facial muscle changes
Contraction of rib muscles, short vocalizations
Brainstem and limbic system involvement
Social activity/connection
Facilitates bonding, or ridicule
↓ cortisol (stress reduction), epinephrine (decrease of sympathetic NS, more relaxed), growth hormone, ↑ immune factors

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6
Q

Provine (1992)

Laugh box

A
  • Graduate classroom –have random laugh box that would randomly laugh
  • Whether they smiled/laughed to laugh box (just hearing it, seeing no facial expressions)
  • Higher chance of laughing/smiling during the initial trials, drops over successive trials (smiling has a slower drop)
  • Hearing someone laugh can induce laughter in others, excess laughing can be irritable
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7
Q

Crying

A

Occurs in many species, all cultures, often immediately after birth
Distress vocalization
Identifiable individual differences
Highest state of arousal

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8
Q

Mourning

A 
Natural response to loss
Waves of dysphoria, distress, crying
Subdued, depressive-like mood
Can persist for months
Behavioural changes –quiet, subdued, non-energetic, reflective
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9
Q

Components of Depression

affective

A

Dysphoria, facial expression, body posture, voice, anxiety

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10
Q

Components of Depression

social

A

Difficulties, rejection, withdrawal

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11
Q

Components of Depression

cognitive

A

Low self-esteem, helplessness (situation inescapable), cognitive distortion (interprets situations in negative light)

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12
Q

Components of Depression

behavioural

A

Lack of initiative and motivation, difficulty engaging problems, inactivity

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13
Q

Components of Depression

physiological

A

Sleep and appetite disturbances, chronic HPA activation (higher cortisol), abnormal circadian rhythm, serotonin disruptions

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14
Q

Anaclitic Depression

A

Prolonged maternal deprivation

Occurs in human and primate infants and toddlers

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15
Q

Anaclitic Depression

Phase 1: Initial Protest

A

Crying, rejecting others, actively seeking mother

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16
Q

Anaclitic Depression

Phase 2: Despair

A

Dysphoria (lack of activity/play/vocalizations), motor retardation, decreased response to environment, low appetite, insomnia, agitation, hopelessness

17
Q

Anaclitic Depression

Phase 3: Detachment

A

Self-centered, resist new emotional bonds

18
Q

Childhood Depression

A

Less common than in adults
Cortisol levels higher during family instability, father absence
Causes include family stress, peer rejection (bully), social isolation, parental loss, abuse
Expression involves crying, inactivity, rebellion

19
Q

Adolescence Depression

A

Onset of reproductive age
Change in social statuses
Adulthood and independence
Emotional volatility

20
Q

Twenge (2018)

Technology use & suicide

A

Onset of social media and availability to technology –>depressive symptoms sky-rockets in females, not seen in males
Increase of electronic usage = increase chance of having at least 1 suicidal risk factor
Increase in electronics correlates with: Decrease in social activities (sports, hanging out), increase time on social media (affected females more)
Give up social media for week: depressive symptoms/scores went down

21
Q

Monoamines & Affect:

Serotonin and Norepinephrine

A

Monoamine dynamics respond to coping status
Foods and drugs raising monoamines elevate mood (high in tyrosine & tryptophan)
Foods and drugs lowering monoamines lower mood

22
Q

Monoamines & Affect:

Dopamine

A

Dopamine involved in reward
Consummatory behaviours (eating, drinking, sex) associated with increased dopaminergic activity in nucleus accumbens
Elevated affect associated with reward

23
Q

Anandamides and Affect

A

Endogenous cannabinoid NT found in the central NS and periphery
Associated with elevated affect

24
Q

Endorphins and Affect

A

Some evidence endorphins may elevate affect (mechanism unclear)
Β-endorphin released from pituitary during stress
Receptors concentrated in PAG and around the fourth ventricle

25
Q

Indoleamines and Affect

A

Pineal secretes more melatonin in darkness
Melatonin suppresses other glands
Melatonin produced at expense of serotonin (results in less serotonin)
(recall Tryptophan –> Serotonin –> Melatonin)
Shorter day length and darker conditions may decrease affect

26
Q

Suicide

A

Discrete act that leads to death

27
Q

Parasuicide

A

Sub-lethal, survived attempt
Potential benefits in surviving
Intent was never to die
Weak correlation with actual suicide (do not attempt to try to commit suicide again)

28
Q

Suicide & Technological Advancements

A

Rates DO NOT change with technological advancements, but methods DO

Less technological advanced countries:

  • Self-hanging most common method
  • Other: fire, cutting, piercing, plant-derived poisons, jumping, self-drowning, exposure to harsh elements

Modern tech may facilitate impulsive suicide Modern methods: gunshot, drug overdose, gassing, automobile collision

29
Q

Age & Sex

suicide

A

Occurs more frequently:
males
elderly and infirm (sick)
Occurs infrequently in children

Single adult males have higher suicide rates; highest rates within males that are widowed or divorced

30
Q

Age & Sex

parasuicide

A

Occurs more frequently:
females
between ages 20-40

31
Q

Best Predictors of Suicide

A

Age and Sex (older males, sick)
Desperation and Hopelessness
Social Isolation
Reproductive Status

32
Q

Desperation and Hopelessness

A

Related to most cases of suicide
Individual believes he/she is incapable of coping with present circumstances and expects little improvement in the future
Suicidal individuals usually complain that their lives have lost meaning and are no longer worth living

33
Q

Social Isolation

A

Most commonly reported attribute of young individuals committing suicide

34
Q

Reproductive Status

A

Reproductive value declines with age

35
Q

Kinship and Reproductive Status

A

Failure of self-preservation is favoured by natural selection when
1) Low reproductive potential
2) Burden towards kin
Evolution may tolerate failure of self-preservation if both of these criteria are met
Evolution likely prefers self-preservation if one or both of these criteria are not met

3M03 (Test 2) (5 decks)

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