Chapter 10: Happiness, Sadness, Coping Flashcards
Positive affect vs Negative affect
Positive affect elicited by gains and success
Negative affect elicited by loss and failure
Positive Affect Expression
Facial: Smile Posture: Erect (upright =confident) Activation: Energized Vocalization: Voice contours up Behavioural Patterns: Laughter
Negative Affect Expression
Facial: frown, grimace Posture: slumped Activation: slow Vocalization: Voice contours down Behavioural Patterns: crying
Smiling
Emerges early in development, often first during mother-infant interactions
Genuine smiles involve muscle activation around eyes
False smiles do not involve cheek raising or eye wrinkles
Laughing
Occurs in many species, all cultures and emerges early in infancy
Complex facial muscle changes
Contraction of rib muscles, short vocalizations
Brainstem and limbic system involvement
Social activity/connection
Facilitates bonding, or ridicule
↓ cortisol (stress reduction), epinephrine (decrease of sympathetic NS, more relaxed), growth hormone, ↑ immune factors
Provine (1992)
Laugh box
- Graduate classroom –have random laugh box that would randomly laugh
- Whether they smiled/laughed to laugh box (just hearing it, seeing no facial expressions)
- Higher chance of laughing/smiling during the initial trials, drops over successive trials (smiling has a slower drop)
- Hearing someone laugh can induce laughter in others, excess laughing can be irritable
Crying
Occurs in many species, all cultures, often immediately after birth
Distress vocalization
Identifiable individual differences
Highest state of arousal
Mourning
Natural response to loss Waves of dysphoria, distress, crying Subdued, depressive-like mood Can persist for months Behavioural changes –quiet, subdued, non-energetic, reflective
Components of Depression
affective
Dysphoria, facial expression, body posture, voice, anxiety
Components of Depression
social
Difficulties, rejection, withdrawal
Components of Depression
cognitive
Low self-esteem, helplessness (situation inescapable), cognitive distortion (interprets situations in negative light)
Components of Depression
behavioural
Lack of initiative and motivation, difficulty engaging problems, inactivity
Components of Depression
physiological
Sleep and appetite disturbances, chronic HPA activation (higher cortisol), abnormal circadian rhythm, serotonin disruptions
Anaclitic Depression
Prolonged maternal deprivation
Occurs in human and primate infants and toddlers
Anaclitic Depression
Phase 1: Initial Protest
Crying, rejecting others, actively seeking mother
Anaclitic Depression
Phase 2: Despair
Dysphoria (lack of activity/play/vocalizations), motor retardation, decreased response to environment, low appetite, insomnia, agitation, hopelessness
Anaclitic Depression
Phase 3: Detachment
Self-centered, resist new emotional bonds
Childhood Depression
Less common than in adults
Cortisol levels higher during family instability, father absence
Causes include family stress, peer rejection (bully), social isolation, parental loss, abuse
Expression involves crying, inactivity, rebellion
Adolescence Depression
Onset of reproductive age
Change in social statuses
Adulthood and independence
Emotional volatility
Twenge (2018)
Technology use & suicide
Onset of social media and availability to technology –>depressive symptoms sky-rockets in females, not seen in males
Increase of electronic usage = increase chance of having at least 1 suicidal risk factor
Increase in electronics correlates with: Decrease in social activities (sports, hanging out), increase time on social media (affected females more)
Give up social media for week: depressive symptoms/scores went down
Monoamines & Affect:
Serotonin and Norepinephrine
Monoamine dynamics respond to coping status
Foods and drugs raising monoamines elevate mood (high in tyrosine & tryptophan)
Foods and drugs lowering monoamines lower mood
Monoamines & Affect:
Dopamine
Dopamine involved in reward
Consummatory behaviours (eating, drinking, sex) associated with increased dopaminergic activity in nucleus accumbens
Elevated affect associated with reward
Anandamides and Affect
Endogenous cannabinoid NT found in the central NS and periphery
Associated with elevated affect
Endorphins and Affect
Some evidence endorphins may elevate affect (mechanism unclear)
Β-endorphin released from pituitary during stress
Receptors concentrated in PAG and around the fourth ventricle
