Chapter 6 Anti- Infective Agents Flashcards
- is a type of medication or substance that helps to prevent or treat infection
Anti-infective agent
Nonsporulating microorganisms (65⁰
-100⁰C)
Pasteurization
Kills all types including spores
Sterilization
Reduction to a level acceptable for public health
Sanitation
On inanimate objects
Disinfection
Destruction or marked reduction in the number or activity of microorganisms
Decontamination
Apply to living tissue
Antisepsis
anti-infective agents that are used locally
Germicides
introduced phenol (carbolic acid)
Joseph Lister
Discover Salvarsan (compound 606), Selective toxicity
Paul Ehrlich
introduced antiseptic principles for use in surgery and posttraumatic injury
Joseph Lister (1876)
—-discovered Compound606 (also known as arsphenamine, salvarsan), an antisyphylitic agent
Paul Ehrlich
Dyes such as—- and —— were used as anti- infectives
Gentian Violet and Methylene blue
the property of certain chemicals to kill one type of organism while not harming the other
Selective Toxicity
are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth (-static) of microorganisms when applied to living tissue
Antiseptics
are compounds that kill (-cidal) or prevent the growth (-static) of microorganisms when applied to living tissue
Antiseptics
application of an agent to living tissue for the purpose of preventing infection
Antisepsis
destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms
Decontamination
destruction or marked reduction in the number of activity of microorganisms
Decontamination
Most abuse recreational drug
Ethanol
Two functional group that is widely use as antiseptic and disinfectant
Alcohol and aldehyde
Drugs that is use for treating chronic alcoholism
DISULFIRAM
Methanol is also known as
Wood alcohol
Ethanol is also known as
Alcohol USP, Grain alcohol, wine spirit, Spiritus vini rectificatus
Alcohol USP
Antidote:
antidote: DISULFIRAM
• ethanol that has been rendered unfit for
use in intoxicating beverages by the
addition of other substances
• completely denatured alcohol contains
added methanol (wood alcohol) and
benzene and is unsuitable for either
internal or external use (eye toxicity and
bone marrow toxicity/ leukemia,
respectively
Denatured Alcohol
• ethanol treated with one or more
substances so that its use may be
permitted for a specialized purpose
• Ex: iodine in alcohol for tincture of iodine,
methanol, and other substances in
mouthwashes and aftershave lotions, and
methanol in alcohol for preparing plant
extracts
Specially denatured alcohol
• external as an antiseptic,
preservative, mild counterirritant, or
solvent
Primary uses of alcohol
• usually contains 70% ethanol
• astringent, rubefacient, refrigerant, mild
local anesthetic (results from the
evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol
when applied to skin)
• has been injected near nerves and
ganglia to alleviate pain
• has low narcotic potency and has been
used internally in diluted form as mild
sedative, a weak vasodilator and a
carminative
Rubbing Alcohol
- causes N &
V, and vasodilatory flushing
Acetaldehyde
- preparations containing
ethanol as the sole solvent
Spirits
- hydroalcoholic mixtures
Tinctures
- contain alcohol as
cosolvent
Fluidextracts
70% - acceptable bactericidal
concentration
• 60 - 95% - does not have any
significant difference in bactericidal
action
• 60% - also effective but requires
longer contact time
• 70% - can be used safely for
preoperative sterilization of the skin
• or Absolute alcohol
• contains not less than 99% ethanol
by weight
Dehydrated Alcohol
• primarily used to disinfect the skin
and surgical instruments
• rapidly bactericidal in the
concentration range of 50% to 95%
• a 40% concentration is considered
to be equal in antiseptic power to a
60% ethanol
• 2-propanol
Isopropyl Alcohol
• C2H4O
• used to sterilize temperaturesensitive medical equipment and
certain pharmaceuticals that cannot
be autoclaved
• MOA: ALKYLATION of functional
groups in nucleic acids and proteins
by nucleophilic ring opening
forms explosive mixtures in air at
concentrations ranging from 3% to
80% by volume
• explosion hazzard is eliminated
when gas is mixed with sufficient
concentrations of carbon dioxide -
Carboxide®
• carcinogenic
Ethylene Oxide
• contains not less than 37% of
formaldehyde with methanol added
to retard polymerization
• disinfectant, embalming fluid
• MOA: direct and nonspecific
alkylation of nucleophilic functional
functional groups of proteins
Formaldehyde Solution (Formalin)
• sterilizing solution for equipment
and instruments that cannot be
autoclaved (for 30 mins)
Glutarol/ Glutaraldehyde (Cidex®)
• the standard to which most
germicidal substances are
compared
Phenol, USP
- defined as the
ratio of a disinfectant to the dilution
of phenol required to kill a given
strain of bacterium Salmonella
typhi - under carefully controlled
conditions over a given period
MOA
• Denature bacterial proteins at low
concentrations
• Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
occurs at higher concentrations
Phenol Coefficient
• Carbolic Acid
• was introduced as a surgical antiseptic by
Joseph Lister
• its use as either an antiseptic or
disinfectant & is largely obsolete
(Phenolated Calamine Lotion)
• exhibits germicidal action, caustic to skin,
exerts local anesthetic effects
PHENOL
• simply phenol containing 10%
water
Liquefied Phenol
• used in combination with camphor in
liquid petrolatum as an external
antiseptic and anti-irritant
p-Chlorophenol
• a non-irritating antiseptic agent with
broad-spectrum antibacterial and
antifungal properties
• marketed in a 2% concentration as
shampoo
• used topically for tinea infections such
as athlete’s foot and jock itch
p-Chloro-m-xylenol
• used in concentrations 2 to 3% in
soaps, detergent creams, lotions,
and shampoos for various antiseptic
uses
Hexachlorphene
• a mixture of three isomeric cresols
• an inexpensive antiseptic and
disinfectant
CRESOL
• only useful as preservative
Chlorocresol
• Isopropyl m-cresol
• extracted from oil of Thymus
vulgaris (Thyme, of the mint family)
• has mild fungicidal properties and is
used in alcohol solutions and in
dusting powders for the treatment of
tinea (ringworm) infections
Thymol
• 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol
• obtained primarily from clove oil
• possesses both local anesthetic and
antiseptic activity and can be directly
applied on a piece of cotton to
relieve toothaches
• also used in mouthwashes because
of its antiseptic property and
pleasant taste
Eugenol
• m-Dihydroxybenzene (resorcin)
• a weak antiseptic
• used in 1% to 3% solutions and in
ointments and pastes in concentrations of
10% to 20% for the treatment of skin
conditions such as ringworm, eczema,
psoriasis, and seborrheic dermatitis
• a keratolytic agent (causes the stratum
corneum of the skin to slough, opening
the barrier to penetration for antifungal
agents
Resorcinol
• 4-Hexylresorcinol
• an effective antiseptic, possessing
both bactericidal and fungicidal
properties
• has surfactant properties, local
anesthetic activity
• formulated into throat lozenges
because of its local anesthetic and
antiseptic properties
Hexylresorcinol
• their value as germicides depend
upon the liberation of oxygen in the
tissues (peroxides) and their ability
to denature proteins
(permanganates)
• especially effective against
anaerobic bacteria and can be used
in cleansing wounds
OXIDIZING AGENTS
• bubbles that form during the
liberation of oxygen help to
dislodge debris
• effectiveness is somewhat
limited by its poor penetrability
and transient actio
Hydrogen Peroxide 2-3%
• Gly-Oxide
• a stable complex of urea and hydrogen
peroxide
• liberates hydrogen peroxide when mixed
in water
• used as both antiseptic and disinfectant
• preparation is especially effective in the
treatment of oral ulcerations or in dental
care
Carbamide Peroxide
• Panoxyl® 2.5%, 5%, 10%
• most effective topical OTC agent for
the control of acne
• both keratolytic and keratogenic
agent
• MOA: induces proliferation of
epithelial cells, leading to sloughing
and repair
• S/E: dryness
Hydrous Benzoyl Peroxide
