Chapter 6 and 8 BLAAAAAH Flashcards
why are ice molecules less dense than liquid water molecules?
the space between hydrogen atoms is greater (109) tan liquid (105); also the ice molecules stretch and take up more space; so less are in one cube of ice
what are polymers?
bits of crystalline structure
Why is water so special?
only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas; powerful solvent, heat capacity is very high,regulate earth surface temperature efficiently
what is specific heat?
measure of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celcius
What is cohesion?
surface tension (allows water molecules to stick together)
What is adhesion?
water sticking to other substances and making them wet
Why is water a powerful solvent?
because water will stick to whatever it can
What is heat?
energy stored as random vibration of a quantity of atoms and molecules
What is temperature?
object response to input or removal of heat
what does term “latent” apply to?
heat gain/loss that does not cause a temperature change, but produces a change in physical state
What are thermostatic properties of water?
hydrogen bonding and latent heat transport that act to moderate changes in temperature
why does salt dissolve in water?
water wedges itself between sodium cations and Cl anions (water is dipolar)
latent heat of fusion
80 calories or less
late heat of evaporation
540 calories
water/gas
criosphere/hydrosphere/atmosphere
How are solutes expressed?
parts per thousand
What is the average seawater salinity?
35 parts per thousand
What are the most common solutes of sea water?
chloride and sodium
What are the six most abundant ions
CL, NA, SO4, MG2+, CA2+, K+
PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT PROPERTIES
proportions of major salt ions is constant and independent of salinity levels
WHY ARE NA AND CL MOST ABUNDANT SALT IONS IN OCEAN WHEN RIVERINE RUNOFF RELATIVILY LITTLE NA+ AND CL-?
RESIDENCE TIMES: ocean mixing rate these long residence times are evenly dispersed throughout all of global ocean
WHY DOESN’T SEAWATER GET INCREASINGLY SALTY WITH TIME?
chemical equilibrium: balance input and output of salt (balance of fluxing in of salt and fluxing out of salt)
What are sources
river
What are sinks?
evaporation of halite and gypsum
halite
NaCl
gypsum
CaSo4-H2O
What is the sunlight in the ocean?
scattering, absorption, reflection and refraction
WHAT ARE 2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVES?
temperature and pressure (warmer water, increase in sound waves)
What is the photic zone?
thin layer of lighted H2O at surface
WHAT DOES SOFAR STAND FOR
Sound Fixing And Ranging Layer
WHAT IS THE SOFAR LAYER?
where loud noises can be heard for thousands of kilometers
WHAT IS IN AIR?
nitrogen (78.08%); oxygen (20.95%);
WHAT IS THE MASS OF AIR?
14.7 pounds per square inch
What are the BASIC PROPERTIES OF AIR?
As air rises, it expands and cools down (condensation/rain)
As air loses altitude, contracts, and warms up
IS HUMID AIR LESS DENSE THAN DRY AIR? WHY?
YES, cold dry air is more dense than warm wet air
WHAT IS STEAM FOG?
sea water fog over ocean; rapid evaporation; water vapor is invisible but as water vapor rises in cool air, condenses into visible droplets
WHAT IS ICE FOG?
warmer air causes snow/ice to thaw resulting moist air is frigid so it hugs ground
WHAT IS INSOLATION?
SOLAR RADIATION
BY HOW MANY DEGREES IS THE EARTH TILTED ON ITS AXIS BY?
23.5 degrees
WHAT DRIVES WINDS?
PRESSURE
WHAT IS WIND DRIVEN BY?
PRESSURE DIFFERENCES
CORIOLIS DEFLECTION
NORTHERN HEMISPHERE: RCW
SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE: LCCW
What are the three major atmospheric circulation cells?
polar, ferrel, and hadley
How does air flow
high pressure to low pressure
WHAT IS THE ITCZ?
Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone when trade winds converge along equator very little wind
Where is the ITCZ?
0 to 10 degrees north of equator
what are the doldrums?
zone along equator where warm, moist air rises (no wind)
Why does ITCZ change position?
due to warming and cooling of continent and thermostatic properties of seawater
What happens during summer time?
plateau Tibetan heats up setting low pressure zone and draws ITCZ to north
What happens during winter time?
land mass cools down air sinks, high pressure air flow, ITCZ moves south
What are the horse latitudes?
a subtropical high pressure zone where cool air sinks
What occurs in the Descending limb of hadley cell?
descending wind reflects sea surface salinities and influences continental vegetation
Where is the polar front?
about 60 degrees latitude air travels along surface sprees and moist air rises; boundary between polar cell and ferrel cell
Polar High
gives rise to easterly winds
What are wind patterns?
air is ascending and descending between cells, calm air prevails
What are three different types of winds?
trade winds, westersies, and polar easterlies
global wind circulation
high polar: polar easterlies (high)
polar: polar easterlies (high)
Subtropic: prevailing westerlies (low)
hadley: Easterly trade (high)
How does sea surface salinity (SSS) increase?
latitudinal zones of evaporation (increases because evaporation of H20 leaves salt ions in watch)
How does ice affect SSS?
increases because ice removes watah
what are salienty gradients?
demonstrate boundaries between water masses
what is the halocline?
zone based on change in salinity
WHAT DRIVES OCEAN CIRCULATION IN INTERIOR?
DENSITY STRATIFICATION (stable layers of density)
What is the vertical temperature gradient?
primary control of density stratification
What is the termocline
zone based on change in temperature
WHAT IS THE PRIMARY CONTROL OF DENSITY STRATIFICATION?
vertical temperature gradient
What is the thermocline like in tropics, mid-temp lats, and polar lats?
tropics: strongly developed
mid: varies with seasons
polar: no thermocline, weak in summer
WHAT DOES LATITUDE CONTROL?
SST
WHAT ARE THE DETERMINING FACTORS FOR PYCNOCLINE?
TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY
what are the dissolved gases in seawater?
nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and argon, neon, and helium
What is dissolved oxygen and chloride influenced by?
phytoplankton and photosynthesis and microbial respiration
What are the controls on solubility of gases in ocean surface waters?
tempurature: incr lower solubility decrease temp: increase solubility
(solubility) If decrease temperature,
increase solubility
(solubility) If increase salinity?
decrease solubility
(solubility) If increase pressure,
increase solubility
How does photosynthesis affect Oxy and Carbon Dioxide?
increases oxy and decreases carbon dioxide
How does respiration affect oxy and CO2
oxy: decreases; CO2: increases
How does decomposition affect oxy and CO2?
Oxy: decreases; CO2: increases
What does ph control?
controls concentration of various species of CO2 dissolved in water
WHAT IS THE EQUATION OF PH???????
-LOG10 [H+]
WHAT IS THE PH OF SEAWATER?????
8
What happen when H+ increases?
ph decreases
What happens when H+ decreases?
more basic
How will ph change in coming centuries?
change of ph is going to decrease (become more acidic_
Why does surface waters drop a lot in ph compared to depths?
dynamic equilibrium with atmosphere (CO2)
How does a sea breeze occur?
warm air from land rises and then circulates cools and lowers to water
What is a Land breeze
sea water warms up rises, circulates towards shore and sinks
What is a cyclone?
rotating mass of low pressure in which winds converge and ascend
Where do cyclones form?
between or within air masses called fronts
What are the different types of clones?
extratropical and tropical
What are some rasgos de un extratropical cyclone?
form at polar front between ferrel cell and polar cell
occur mainly in winter
Que son unos rasgos de tropical cyclones?
masses of humid, warm rotating air
form witin one air mass over ocean between ten and 25 degrees latitude
become tropical storms wind speed less than 120 km por hora
later become hurricanes, typhoons, willi willis
WHAT TEMPERATURE IS NEEDED TO START HURRICANTES?
26 DEGREES CELCIUS (79 DEGREES F)
what dictates path of storms?
coriolis deflection
Why do no hurricanes occur along equator?
DULDRUMS A DURRRRRR
WHAT FUEL HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS?
energy, stron upper level winds spiral around eye which spirals upward
What is the eye?
calm center 13-16km in diameter, no clouds, calm winds
What is a rainband?
clouds spiraling rapidly, high winds, air moves with trade winds east to west
What is a hurricane storm surge?
atmospheric low pressure, causes destruction, floo
