Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oceanography > Chapter 6 and 8 BLAAAAAH > Flashcards

Chapter 6 and 8 BLAAAAAH Flashcards

1
Q

why are ice molecules less dense than liquid water molecules?

A

the space between hydrogen atoms is greater (109) tan liquid (105); also the ice molecules stretch and take up more space; so less are in one cube of ice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are polymers?

A

bits of crystalline structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is water so special?

A

only substance that exists as a solid, liquid, and gas; powerful solvent, heat capacity is very high,regulate earth surface temperature efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is specific heat?

A

measure of heat required to raise temperature of one gram of a substance by one degree celcius

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is cohesion?

A

surface tension (allows water molecules to stick together)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is adhesion?

A

water sticking to other substances and making them wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is water a powerful solvent?

A

because water will stick to whatever it can

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is heat?

A

energy stored as random vibration of a quantity of atoms and molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is temperature?

A

object response to input or removal of heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does term “latent” apply to?

A

heat gain/loss that does not cause a temperature change, but produces a change in physical state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are thermostatic properties of water?

A

hydrogen bonding and latent heat transport that act to moderate changes in temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why does salt dissolve in water?

A

water wedges itself between sodium cations and Cl anions (water is dipolar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

latent heat of fusion

A

80 calories or less

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

late heat of evaporation

A

540 calories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

water/gas

A

criosphere/hydrosphere/atmosphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How are solutes expressed?

A

parts per thousand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the average seawater salinity?

A

35 parts per thousand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the most common solutes of sea water?

A

chloride and sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the six most abundant ions

A

CL, NA, SO4, MG2+, CA2+, K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANT PROPERTIES

A

proportions of major salt ions is constant and independent of salinity levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHY ARE NA AND CL MOST ABUNDANT SALT IONS IN OCEAN WHEN RIVERINE RUNOFF RELATIVILY LITTLE NA+ AND CL-?

A

RESIDENCE TIMES: ocean mixing rate these long residence times are evenly dispersed throughout all of global ocean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WHY DOESN’T SEAWATER GET INCREASINGLY SALTY WITH TIME?

A

chemical equilibrium: balance input and output of salt (balance of fluxing in of salt and fluxing out of salt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are sources

A

river

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are sinks?

A

evaporation of halite and gypsum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

halite

A

NaCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gypsum

A

CaSo4-H2O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the sunlight in the ocean?

A

scattering, absorption, reflection and refraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

WHAT ARE 2 FACTORS THAT AFFECT VELOCITY OF SOUND WAVES?

A

temperature and pressure (warmer water, increase in sound waves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the photic zone?

A

thin layer of lighted H2O at surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

WHAT DOES SOFAR STAND FOR

A

Sound Fixing And Ranging Layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

WHAT IS THE SOFAR LAYER?

A

where loud noises can be heard for thousands of kilometers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

WHAT IS IN AIR?

A

nitrogen (78.08%); oxygen (20.95%);

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

WHAT IS THE MASS OF AIR?

A

14.7 pounds per square inch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the BASIC PROPERTIES OF AIR?

A

As air rises, it expands and cools down (condensation/rain)

As air loses altitude, contracts, and warms up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

IS HUMID AIR LESS DENSE THAN DRY AIR? WHY?

A

YES, cold dry air is more dense than warm wet air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

WHAT IS STEAM FOG?

A

sea water fog over ocean; rapid evaporation; water vapor is invisible but as water vapor rises in cool air, condenses into visible droplets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

WHAT IS ICE FOG?

A

warmer air causes snow/ice to thaw resulting moist air is frigid so it hugs ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

WHAT IS INSOLATION?

A

SOLAR RADIATION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

BY HOW MANY DEGREES IS THE EARTH TILTED ON ITS AXIS BY?

A

23.5 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

WHAT DRIVES WINDS?

A

PRESSURE

41
Q

WHAT IS WIND DRIVEN BY?

A

PRESSURE DIFFERENCES

42
Q

CORIOLIS DEFLECTION

A

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE: RCW

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE: LCCW

43
Q

What are the three major atmospheric circulation cells?

A

polar, ferrel, and hadley

44
Q

How does air flow

A

high pressure to low pressure

45
Q

WHAT IS THE ITCZ?

A

Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone when trade winds converge along equator very little wind

46
Q

Where is the ITCZ?

A

0 to 10 degrees north of equator

47
Q

what are the doldrums?

A

zone along equator where warm, moist air rises (no wind)

48
Q

Why does ITCZ change position?

A

due to warming and cooling of continent and thermostatic properties of seawater

49
Q

What happens during summer time?

A

plateau Tibetan heats up setting low pressure zone and draws ITCZ to north

50
Q

What happens during winter time?

A

land mass cools down air sinks, high pressure air flow, ITCZ moves south

51
Q

What are the horse latitudes?

A

a subtropical high pressure zone where cool air sinks

52
Q

What occurs in the Descending limb of hadley cell?

A

descending wind reflects sea surface salinities and influences continental vegetation

53
Q

Where is the polar front?

A

about 60 degrees latitude air travels along surface sprees and moist air rises; boundary between polar cell and ferrel cell

54
Q

Polar High

A

gives rise to easterly winds

55
Q

What are wind patterns?

A

air is ascending and descending between cells, calm air prevails

56
Q

What are three different types of winds?

A

trade winds, westersies, and polar easterlies

57
Q

global wind circulation

A

high polar: polar easterlies (high)

polar: polar easterlies (high)

Subtropic: prevailing westerlies (low)

hadley: Easterly trade (high)

58
Q

How does sea surface salinity (SSS) increase?

A

latitudinal zones of evaporation (increases because evaporation of H20 leaves salt ions in watch)

59
Q

How does ice affect SSS?

A

increases because ice removes watah

60
Q

what are salienty gradients?

A

demonstrate boundaries between water masses

61
Q

what is the halocline?

A

zone based on change in salinity

62
Q

WHAT DRIVES OCEAN CIRCULATION IN INTERIOR?

A

DENSITY STRATIFICATION (stable layers of density)

63
Q

What is the vertical temperature gradient?

A

primary control of density stratification

64
Q

What is the termocline

A

zone based on change in temperature

65
Q

WHAT IS THE PRIMARY CONTROL OF DENSITY STRATIFICATION?

A

vertical temperature gradient

66
Q

What is the thermocline like in tropics, mid-temp lats, and polar lats?

A

tropics: strongly developed
mid: varies with seasons
polar: no thermocline, weak in summer

67
Q

WHAT DOES LATITUDE CONTROL?

A

SST

68
Q

WHAT ARE THE DETERMINING FACTORS FOR PYCNOCLINE?

A

TEMPERATURE AND DENSITY

69
Q

what are the dissolved gases in seawater?

A

nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and argon, neon, and helium

70
Q

What is dissolved oxygen and chloride influenced by?

A

phytoplankton and photosynthesis and microbial respiration

71
Q

What are the controls on solubility of gases in ocean surface waters?

A

tempurature: incr lower solubility decrease temp: increase solubility

72
Q

(solubility) If decrease temperature,

A

increase solubility

73
Q

(solubility) If increase salinity?

A

decrease solubility

74
Q

(solubility) If increase pressure,

A

increase solubility

75
Q

How does photosynthesis affect Oxy and Carbon Dioxide?

A

increases oxy and decreases carbon dioxide

76
Q

How does respiration affect oxy and CO2

A

oxy: decreases; CO2: increases

77
Q

How does decomposition affect oxy and CO2?

A

Oxy: decreases; CO2: increases

78
Q

What does ph control?

A

controls concentration of various species of CO2 dissolved in water

79
Q

WHAT IS THE EQUATION OF PH???????

A

-LOG10 [H+]

80
Q

WHAT IS THE PH OF SEAWATER?????

A

8

81
Q

What happen when H+ increases?

A

ph decreases

82
Q

What happens when H+ decreases?

A

more basic

83
Q

How will ph change in coming centuries?

A

change of ph is going to decrease (become more acidic_

84
Q

Why does surface waters drop a lot in ph compared to depths?

A

dynamic equilibrium with atmosphere (CO2)

85
Q

How does a sea breeze occur?

A

warm air from land rises and then circulates cools and lowers to water

86
Q

What is a Land breeze

A

sea water warms up rises, circulates towards shore and sinks

87
Q

What is a cyclone?

A

rotating mass of low pressure in which winds converge and ascend

88
Q

Where do cyclones form?

A

between or within air masses called fronts

89
Q

What are the different types of clones?

A

extratropical and tropical

90
Q

What are some rasgos de un extratropical cyclone?

A

form at polar front between ferrel cell and polar cell

occur mainly in winter

91
Q

Que son unos rasgos de tropical cyclones?

A

masses of humid, warm rotating air

form witin one air mass over ocean between ten and 25 degrees latitude

become tropical storms wind speed less than 120 km por hora

later become hurricanes, typhoons, willi willis

92
Q

WHAT TEMPERATURE IS NEEDED TO START HURRICANTES?

A

26 DEGREES CELCIUS (79 DEGREES F)

93
Q

what dictates path of storms?

A

coriolis deflection

94
Q

Why do no hurricanes occur along equator?

A

DULDRUMS A DURRRRRR

95
Q

WHAT FUEL HURRICANES AND TYPHOONS?

A

energy, stron upper level winds spiral around eye which spirals upward

96
Q

What is the eye?

A

calm center 13-16km in diameter, no clouds, calm winds

97
Q

What is a rainband?

A

clouds spiraling rapidly, high winds, air moves with trade winds east to west

98
Q

What is a hurricane storm surge?

A

atmospheric low pressure, causes destruction, floo

Oceanography (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions