Chapter 6 | Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
The structure and function of major body systems
1
Q
Define:
thyroid cartilage
A
the Adam’s apple
the cartilage structure in and around the trachea that contains the larynx
2
Q
Define:
musculoskeletal system
A
the system of bones and skeletal muscles that support and protect the body and permit movement
3
Q
Define:
skeleton
A
the bones of the body
4
Q
Define:
muscles
A
tissues that can contract to allow movement of a body part
5
Q
Define:
ligaments
A
tissues that connect bone to bone
6
Q
Define:
tendons
A
tissues that connect muscle to bone
7
Q
Define:
skull
A
the bony structure of the head
8
Q
List:
structures of musculoskeletal system
3 points
A
- bones
- joints
- muscles
9
Q
Explain:
functions of musculoskeletal system
A
skeleton supports and protects the body, form blood cells, and stores minerals
muscles produce movement
10
Q
List:
structures of respiratory system
6 points
A
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tubes
- lungs
11
Q
Explain:
functions of respiratory system
A
obtains oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the body
12
Q
List:
structures of cardiovascular system
3 points
A
- heart
- arteries
- veins
13
Q
Explain:
function of cardiovascular system
A
pumps blood throughout the entire body to transport nutrients, oxygen, and wastes
14
Q
List:
structures of blood
4 points
A
- plasma
- red blood cells
- white blood cells
- platelets
15
Q
List:
structures of lymphatic system
5 points
A
- tonsils/adenoids
- thymus gland
- spleen
- lymph nodes
- lymphatic vessels
16
Q
List:
functions of lymphatic system
2 points
A
- Helps maintain fluid balance of body
- Provides substantial immune support
17
Q
List:
structures of nervous system
3 points
A
- brain
- spinal cord
- nerves
18
Q
Explain:
function of nervous system
A
receives sensory information and coordinates body’s response
19
Q
List:
structures of digestive system
8 points
A
- mouth (oral cavity)
- throat (esophagus)
- stomach
- small intestine
- large intestine (colon)
- liver
- gallbladder
- pancreas
20
Q
Explain:
function of digestive system
A
ingests, digests, and absorbs nutrients for the body
21
Q
List:
structures of integumentary system
4 points
A
- skin
- hair
- nails
- sweat glands
22
Q
Explain:
function of integumentary system
A
forms protective barrier and aids in temperature regulation
23
Q
List:
structures of endocrine system
8 points
A
- pancreas
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus gland
- adrenal gland
- testes
- ovaries
24
Q
Explain:
function of endocrine system
A
regulates metabolic/hormonal activities of the body
25
# List:
*structures* of **renal/urinary system**
| 4 points
* kidneys
* ureters
* urinary bladder
* urethra
26
# Explain:
*function* of **renal/urinary system**
filters waste products out of blood and removes them from body
27
# List:
*structures* of **male reproductive system**
| 6 points
* penis
* testes
* prostate gland
* vas deferens
* seminal vesicles
* epidiymis
28
# Explain:
*function* of **male reproductive system**
produces sperm for reproduction
29
# List:
*structures* of **female reproductive system**
| 6 points
* ovaries
* fallopian tubes (oviducts)
* uterus
* vagina
* vulva
* breasts
30
# List:
*functions* of **female reproductive system**
| 2 points
* produces **eggs** for reproduction
* provides an environment and nutrients for **growing baby**
31
# Locate:
maxilla
| (anatomical term)
fused bone of upper jaw
32
# Locate:
nasal bone
| (anatomical term)
provides structure to nose
33
# Locate:
orbit
| (anatomical term)
surrounding the eyes
34
# Locate:
zygomatic arch
zygomatic bone
| (anatomical term)
structure of cheeks
35
# Locate:
vertebrae
| (anatomical term)
33 bones of the spinal column
36
# List with corresponding anatomy:
divisions of the spine
| 5 points (anatomy)
* **cervical:** neck
* **thoracic:** thorax, ribs, upper back
* **lumbar:** lower back
* **sacral:** back wall of pelvis
* **coccyx:** tailbone
37
# Define:
thorax
| (anotomical term)
the chest
38
# Locate:
sternum
| (anotomical term)
the breastbone
39
# List:
major organs of the sternum
| 4 points
* heart
* lungs
* major blood vessels
* (diaphragm)
40
# Locate:
manubrium
| (anotomical term)
the superior (upper) portion of the sternum
41
# Locate:
xiphoid process
| (anotomical term)
the inferior portion of the sternum
42
# Define:
pelvis
| (anotomical term)
the basin-shaped bony structure that supports the spine and is the point of proximal attachment for the lower extremities
43
# Locate:
ilium
| (anotomical term)
the superior and widest portion of the pelvis
44
# Locate:
ischium
| (anotomical term)
**pelvic floor**
inferior (lower) and posterior (back) portions of pelvis
45
# Locate:
pubis
| (anotomical term)
the medial anterior portion of the pelvis
46
# Locate:
acetabulum
| (anotomical term)
**hip joint**
the **pelvic socket** into which the ball at the proximal end of the femur fits
47
# Locate:
femur
| (anotomical term)
the large bone of the thigh
48
# Locate:
patella
| (anotomical term)
the kneecap
49
# Locate:
tibia
| (anotomical term)
the medial and larger bone of the lower leg
50
# Locate:
fibula
| (anotomical term)
the **lateral** and **smaller** bone of the **lower leg**
51
# Locate:
malleolus
| (anotomical term)
protrusion on the side of the ankle
| outer ankle (lateral malleous); inner ankle (medial malleous)
52
# Locate:
tarsals
| (anotomical term)
the ankle bones
53
# Locate:
metatarsals
| (anotomical term)
the foot bones
54
# Locate:
calcaneus
| (anotomical term)
the heel bone
55
# Locate:
phlanges
| (anotomical term)
the toe bones and finger bones
56
# Locate:
clavicle
| (anotomical term)
the collarbone
57
# Locate:
scapula
| (anotomical term)
the shoulder blade
58
# Locate:
acromion process
| (anotomical term)
the highest portion of the shoulder
59
# Locate:
acromioclavicular joint
| (anotomical term)
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
60
# Locate:
humerus
| (anotomical term)
the bone of the upper arm, between the shoulder and the elbow
61
# Locate:
radius
| (anotomical term)
the *lateral* bone of the forearm
62
# Locate:
ulna
| (anotomical term)
the *medial* bone of the forearm
63
# Locate:
carpals
| (anotomical term)
the wrist bones
64
# Locate:
metacarpals
| (anotomical term)
the hand bones
65
# Define:
joint
| (anotomical term)
the point where two bones come together
66
# Define:
voluntary muscle
| (anotomical term)
muscle that can be consciously controlled
67
# Define:
involuntary muscle
| (anotomical term)
muscle that responds automatically to brain signals but cannot be consciously controlled
68
# Define:
cardiac muscle
| (anotomical term)
specialized involuntary muscle found only in the heart
69
# Define:
automaticity
| (physiological term)
the **ability of the heart** to generate and conduct **electrical impulses** on its own
70
# Define and locate:
pharynx
| (anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the mouth and nose
71
# Define and locate:
oropharynx
| (anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the mouth
72
# xDefine and locate:
nasopharynx
| (anotomical term)
the area directly posterior to the nose
73
# Define and locate:
epiglottis
| (anotomical term)
leaf-shaped structure that **prevents food and foreign matter from entering the trachea**
| glottic opening is the divider between upper- and lower-respiratory system
74
# Define and locate:
larynx
| (anotomical term)
voice box
| located inferior to pharynx
75
# Define and locate:
trachea
| (anotomical term)
windpipe
76
# Define and locate:
lungs
| (anotomical term)
the organs where exchange of atmospheric oxygen and waste carbon dioxide takes place
77
# Define and locate:
bronchi
| (anotomical term)
the two large sets of branches that come off the trachea and enter the lungs
| (singular = bronchus)
78
# Define and locate:
alveoli
| (anotomical term)
the microscopic **sacs of the lungs** where gas exchange with the bloodstream takes place
79
# Define and locate:
diaphragm
| (anotomical term)
major muscle of **respiration**
80
# Define:
inhalation
| (physiological term)
an **active process** in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm contract, expanding the size of the chest cavity and causing air to flow into the lungs
81
# Define:
exhalation
| (physiological term)
a **passive process** in which the intercostal (rib) muscles and the diaphragm relax, causing the **chest cavity to decrease in size** and create a **positive pressure** for air to flow out of the lungs
82
# Define:
ventilation
| (physiological term)
movement of gasses from outside into the lungs
83
# Define:
respiration
| (physiological term)
diffusion of oxygen from air through alveoli membranes in the lungs
84
# Define:
perfusion
| (physiological term)
exchange of **O₂ and CO₂** with cells/tissues as a result of the **blood flow** through capillaries
85
# Define:
buffer system
| (physiological term)
a system that helps **manage the pH of the body** to maintain it at a normal level
86
# Define and locate:
atria
| (anatomical terminology)
the two **upper chambers** of the heart that **receive blood**
87
# Locate:
ventricles
| (anatomical terminology)
the two **lower chambers** of the heart that **send out blood**
88
# Explain:
function of **right atrium**
receives de-oxygenated blood returning from the body
89
# Explain:
function of **left atrium**
receives oxygenated blood returning from the lungs
90
# Explain:
function of **right ventricle**
sends deoxygenated blood to the lungs
91
# Explain:
function of **left ventricle**
sends oxygenated blood to the body
92
# Define:
plasma
| (anatomical terminology)
fluid portion of blood
more than half of volume of blood
93
# Define:
red blood cells
| (anatomical terminology)
components of blood which **contains hemoglobin** (which carry oxygen)
94
# Define:
white blood cells
| (anatomical terminology)
components of blood which produce substances that **help the body fight infection**
95
# Define:
platelets
| (anatomical terminology)
membrane-enclosed fragments of specialized cells in blood that help with **clotting**
96
# Define:
central nervous system (CNS)
| (anatomical terminology)
the brain and spinal cord
97
# Define:
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
| (anatomical terminology)
the **nerves** that enter and leave the spinal cord and travel between the brain and organs without passing through the spinal cord
98
# Define:
automatic nervous system
| (anatomical terminology)
the division of the peripheral nervous system that **controls involuntary motor functions**
99
# Locate and define:
stomach
| (anatomical terminology)
muscular sac between the esophagus and the small intestine where digestion of food begins
100
# Locate and define:
small intestine
| (anatomical terminology)
the muscular tube between the stomach and the large intestine
101
# Locate and define:
large intestine
| (anatomical terminology)
the muscular tube that **removes water from waste products** received from the small intestine and moves anything not absorbed by the body toward excretion from the body
102
# Locate and define:
liver
| (anatomical terminology)
the **largest internal organ** of the body
**produces bile** to assist in breakdown of fats and assists in the **metabolism of various substances** in the body
103
# Locate and define:
gallbladder
| (anatomical terminology)
a sac on the underside of the liver that **stores bile** produced by the liver
104
# Locate and define:
pancreas
| (anatomical terminology)
a gland **located behind the stomach**
**produces insulin** and juices that assist in digestion of food in the small intestine
105
# Locate and define:
spleen
| (anatomical terminology)
an organ in LUQ which acts as a **blood filtration system**
106
# Locate and define:
appendix
| (anatomical terminology)
a small tube located near the junction of the small and large intestines in the RLQ
**purpose unknown**
107
# Locate and define:
skin
| (anatomical terminology)
the layer of tissue between the body and the external environment
108
# Locate and define:
epidermis
| (anatomical terminology)
the outer layer of skin
109
# Locate and define:
dermis
| (anatomical terminology)
the **inner (second) layer of skin**
rich in blood vessels and nerves
found **beneath the epidermis**
110
# Define:
insulin
a **hormone** produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many people with diabetes
helps **break down glucose**
111
# Define:
epinephrin
a **hormone** produced by the adrenal glands
| it’s essentially adrenaline
112
# Locate and define:
kidneys
| (anatomical terminology)
organs of the renal system used to **filter blood and regulate fluid (pee) levels** in the body
113
# Locate and define:
bladder
| (anatomical terminology)
the round, saclike organ of the renal system used as a **reservoir for urine**
114
# Locate and define
ureter
the tubes connecting the kidneys to the bladder
115
# Locate and define:
testes
| (anatomical terminology)
**men’s balls**
the male organs of reproduction used for the **production of sperm and hormones**
116
# Locate and define:
penis
| (anatomical terminology)
the organ of male reproduction responsible for **sexual intercourse** and the **transfer of sperm**
117
# Locate and define:
ovaries
| (anatomical terminology)
**egg- and hormone-producing organs** within the female reproductive system
118
# Locate and define:
uterus
| (anatomical terminology)
female organ of reproduction used to house the **developing fetus**
119
# Locate and define:
vagina
| (anatomical terminology)
the female organ of reproduction used both for **sexual intercourse** and as an **exit from the uterus for the fetus**
120
# Define:
hemoglobin
| (anatomical terminology)
protien found **in red blood cells** which **carries oxygen** to (and CO₂ away from) cells
121
# Define and locate:
thyroid gland
| (anatomical terminology)
gland at **front of neck**
aids in development of **immune system**
122
# Explain:
difference between *ventilation* and *respiration*
**ventilation** refers to intake of oxygen through breathing
**respiration** refers to distribution of oxygen to cells
123
# Describe:
number of *cervical* vertebrae
7
124
# Describe:
number of *thoracic* vertebrae
12
125
# Describe:
number of *lumbar* vertebrae
5
126
# Describe:
number of *sacral* vertebrae
5
127
# Describe:
number of *coccyx* vertebrae
4
128
# Fill in the blank:
The **[BLANK]** is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
The **diaphragm** is the muscular structure that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.
129
# Fill in the blank:
**[BLANK]** connect *bone to bone*.
**[BLANK]** connect *bone to muscle*.
**Ligaments** connect *bone to bone*.
**Tendons** connect *bone to muscle*.
130
# Fill in the blank:
*Tendons* connect **[BLANK]**.
*Ligaments* connect **[BLANK]**.
*Tendons* connect **bone to muscle**.
*Ligaments* connect **bone to bone**.
131
# Explain:
difference between ilium and ischium
**ilium:** superior and widest part of pelvis
**ischium:** pelvic floor
132
# Fill in the blank:
Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at **[BLANK]**.
Epinepherin can be used to relieve severe allergic reactions because it is effective at **dilating the respiratory passages**.
133
# Fill in the blank:
Epinepherin can be used to **[BLANK]** because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.
Epinepherin can be used to **treat severe allergic reactions** because it is effective at dilating the respiratory passages.
134
# List:
major organs of RUQ
| 5 points
* liver
* right kidney
* pancreas
* gallbladder
* large intestines (colon)
135
# List:
major organs of LUQ
| 6 points
* liver
* left kidney
* spleen
* pancreas
* stomach
* large intestines (colon)
136
# List:
major organs of RLQ
| 6 points
* large intestines (colon)
* small intestines
* appendix
* right kidney
* ureter
* major artery and vein to right leg
137
# List:
major organs of LLQ
| 5 points
* left kidney
* large intestines (colon)
* small intestines
* ureter
* major artery and vein to left leg
138
# Choose:
The neurons that allow the brain to communicate with the body are contained within what structure?
## Footnote
**A.** The central spinal ligament
**B.** The vertebral canal
**C.** The vertebral body
**D.** The vertebral lamina
**B**
## Footnote
*The spinal cord is the bundle of nerves that link the brain to every other component of the body. It is protected by the bones of the spine, known as the vertebrae (singular, vertebra). The vertebral canal is the circular hole in each vertebra that, collectively as a canal, allows vertical passage of the spinal cord. This is also commonly called the "spinal canal," so think of the vertebral canal as the canal for the spinal cord. Do not confuse this with the neural foramen (plural, foramina), which is the passage of each spinal nerve emerging from the cord to the area of the body it innervates. These canals are oblique.*
139
# Choose:
Which of the following anatomical structures is considered the division between the upper and lower respiratory tracts?
## Footnote
**A.** The Bronchi
**B.** The Larynx
**C.** The Trachea
**D.** The Oropharynx
**B**
## Footnote
*The larynx, located just below the oropharynx is the point where the upper respiratory tract becomes the lower. The main difference is that the upper respiratory tract carries both food/fluid and air.*
140
# Define:
axilla
the space below the shoulder through which vessels and nerves enter and leave the upper arm
| your armpit
141
# Define and locate:
carina
ridge where bronchi branch to the left and right lungs
